Free Hamlet Essays: Hamlet, Fortinbras and Leartes :: GCSE Coursework Shakespeare Hamlet

  Hamlet, Fortinbras and Leartes         Hamlet, Fortinbras and Leartes are all very different people with different lives, but as these manpower interact in the play we learn that there are many circumstances surrounding them that mysteriously connect them. All three of these characters had some flat coat to avenge some circumstance in their life, but they all had a very different way of spanking the object of their hatred.FortinbrasFortinbras had levied an army to attack and conquer Denmark. Though son of the late King of Norway, the crown of Norway had gone to his uncle, just as the crown of Denmark had gone to Hamlets uncle. This shows that in the world of the play it was not odd for brothers to late kings to be elected to the throne over the pretensions of their younger nephews. But Fortinbras was not prepared to accept his constitutional dispossession so easily. If he had been divest of the throne of his father, he would try to conquer a ki ngdom of his own in which, as he later tells Horatio, he has some rights of memory.Fortinbras is not uncoerced to put an end to his military adventures. Desiring to win reward through the sword, he cares not that the prize of his glory is worthless or that he will move over thousands of lives and much wealth for this hollow victory. Like Hamlet, Sr., Fortinbras is an empire builder who desires only to fight for glory and so, in an ironic way, he is fitted by character to get the kingdom of Hamlet, Sr.LeartesLaertes is a young man whose good instincts have been somewhat obscured by the concern with superficial appearances which he has imbibed from his father, Polonius. Like his father, Laertes apparently preaches a morality he does not practice and fully believes in a double standard of behavior for the sexes. But if his father allows him these liberties, it is that he may break in approximate the manner of a so - called gentleman. More come to with the outward signs of gentili ty than with any inner refinement of spirit, Laertes has well observed his fathers advice to be concerned with appearances since the apparel oft proclaims the man.As unconcerned for the order of society as he is for his own salvation, he would rather dare damnation than leave his fathers honor and his own besmirched. Though the sight of his sisters madness brings him to a moment of true grief, he is still primarily enraged by his fathers obscure funeral - / No trophy, sword, nor hatchment over his bones, / No noble rite nor formal ostentation.

Iran- Contra Scandal :: essays research papers

Over the centuries ancient papistical society has played a meaning(a) role in the creation of a common culture like our own. The material remains from ancient Rome have preserved worthful evidence for the status and accomplishments of the Roman people. Because so many aspects of ancient Roman civilization are respected and followed in society today, such as Roman art, Roman roads, and Roman law, it is important to understand the similarities and differences that ally within the two cultures. One aspect of Roman culture that I found interesting to revolve around on is the tradition of marriage. A traditional Roman marriage is completely different than a traditional marriage in our culture today, essentially because of the significant change in the role of women over time. Because Roman women had hardly any rights, their role in marriage was extremely limited.           Women in ancient Rome barely had any rights by law, so they had very few opportunities to live independently. Roman women were expected to marry at a young age, usually when they reached their teen years or early twenties. A Roman womans subordination in marriage began even before she became engaged, as it was tradition for a womans father, or legal guardian to arrange the marriage of their daughters. In her work on Roman Marriage, Susan Treggiari sites a preserved document of a Roman mother explaining the rules of engagement to her daughter "When you bugger off engaged to someone, your father, will inform you of the fact. An engagement should come on a young girl as a surprise, pleasant or unpleasant, as the fact may be. It is hardly a matter that she could be allowed to arrange for herself" (Treggiari, 125). The legal independence of women was also constrained by the institution of guardianship. If a woman outlived her father, it was demand by law in Rome to have a guardian, or tutor. The legal sources about the reasons women needed guardi ans are specific, as they describe women as missing judgment, were easily victimized, basically because they claimed women were fools.           Roman women were expected to be married, primarily because it was almost impossible for them to live independently, but also because single women, or maidens, were just not accepted in society. Most single women though were of the lower class, and had little opportunity to obtain a better life. "Free-born women continued to scratch our a existent as laundresses, weavers, butchers, and fish-sellers, or in one of the occupations that are recorded on inscriptions at Pompeii bean-dealer, nail-seller, brick-maker, even stonecutter.

Active Directory User Groups Implementation :: Active Directory (AD) Implementation

ready Directory User Groups ImplementationSynopsis of Proposal Subsequent to the Active Directory (AD) implementation discussion, this proposal addresses possible substance abuser accounts and group organizations for Riordan Manufacturing. This document discusses user and group accounts available through AD, and addresses possible implementation plans for the parent domain of riordanmanufacturing.com. These plans could also be implemented in the child domains for the four Riordan facilities, though addressing the actual implementations for those sites dips beyond the scope of this document.Users and Groups AD recognizes several types of accounts. User accounts refer to exclusive system users. Groups refer to user groupings based on function, need, department, or any number of criteria set by the company and/or the system administrator. User accounts fall into two categories domain user accounts and local user accounts. Local user accounts define users to local compute rs with resource access restricted to resources associated with that local computer. Local user accounts cannot access any other resources within the domain. Domain user accounts contain information that defines users to the domain, AD stores this information, and the information is replicated to the domain controller. User groups further set and place permissions for security and access to domain resources. Local groups represent a collection of local users on a single server or computer, with permissions assigned only if to resources associated with that single server or computer. Domain local groups represent a collection of domain user accounts or groups particular(prenominal) to the local domain, with permissions to access resources specific to the local domain. Global groups also contain user accounts or groups from the local domain, but these groups permission can define access to all domains within the AD tree. Universal groups can contain users from any domain in the AD tree, with permissions set accordingly.Group Configuration and Nesting Presuming Riordan follows the multiple domain design previously discussed, a good strategy for Riordan would be to incorporate domain local groups, global groups, and universal groups. Universal groups would be reserved for widely-used groups that are fairly static in nature. In order to provide the most flexible user and group configurations, allowing for network growth and reducing the number of permission assignments, the following provides a rule of thumb for groups and group nesting Global groups organized based on administrative needs

Capital Punishment Essay: Benefits of the Death Penalty :: Persuasive Essay, Argumentative

The Benefits of the Death Penalty Crime is everywhere. Wherever we look, we find criminals and hatred. Criminals commence become a part of our daily lives. Does this mean we let them be the evil of our society? No, definitely not. Eliminating crime and criminals is our duty, and we cannot ignore it. Getting the rightly accused to a just punishment is very important. Some criminals commit a crime because they have no other option to survive, unless some do it for fun. I do not advocate stopping point penalty for everybody. A person, who take bread from a grocery store, definitely does not deserve cobblers last penalty. However, a serial killer, who kills people for fun or for his personal gain, definitely deserves close penalty. Death penalty should continue in order to eliminate the garbage of our society. Not everybody deserves to die, but some people definitely do. I support death penalty because of several reasons. Firstly, I believe that death penalty serves as a deterr ent and helps in reducing crime. Secondly, it is true that death penalty is irreversible, but it is hard to kill a wrongly convicted person due to the several chances given to the convicted to prove his innocence. Thirdly, death penalty assures safety of the society by eliminating these criminals. Finally, I believe in lex tallionis - a life for a life. Deterrence means to punish somebody as an example and to create fear in other people for the punishment. Death penalty is one of those extreme punishments that would create fear in the mind of any sane person. Ernest van den Haag, in his condition On Deterrence and the Death Penalty mentions, One abstains from dangerous acts because of vague, inchoate, habitual and, above all, preconscious fears (193). Everybody fears death, even animals. Most criminals would think twice if they knew their own lives were at stake. Although in that location is no statistical evidence that death penalty deters crime, but we have to agree that most o f us fear death. Suppose there is no death penalty in a state and life imprisonment without parole is the maximum punishment. What is stopping a prisoner who is facing a life imprisonment without parole to commit another murder in the prison? According to Paul Van Slambrouck, Assaults in prisons all over US, both against fellow inmates and against staff, have more than doubled in the past decade, according to statistics gathered by the Criminal Justice Institute in Middletown, Connecticut (Christian Science Monitor, Internet).

Rotten dot Com :: essays research papers

I deem to say icky dot com is not my type of website, butit did emergency my attention. Even if you are disturbed or notattracted to or sothing, you should give it a chance. Younever know what to expect especially when you see,"Rotten dot com collects images and information from more sources to present the viewer with a truly unpleasantexperience" on the main page. The content of the site isdifferent than any other website that I have seen, but theform and layout is very common among websites. Rottendot com actually reminds of a newspapers layout. On themain page there are several connects, some on the left side, andsome going down the bottom of the page. These links canbe related to the deputize ennobles of newspapers which lead you tothe inside story. Being that the website is easily viewed andunderstandable, rotten dot com is a very well designedwebsite. All the links show what topics can be viewed.Then after clicking on the specific link you want, a headerpage is o pened. For example, if you click on the link"Celebrity Morgue", you will see a page with two skeletonson it, and the title overlapping them. Below the title andskeletons is a list of people who you can view dead bodiesof. Under the photos of the bodies, there are briefdescriptions of how each singular person died. Anotherone of these links is called "famous." The famous link takesyou to a page similar to the Celebrity Morgue page, wherethere are several sub links on the page. With these linksyou can view rare photographs. Some of these photoscontain Richard Nixon meeting Elvis Presley, and a pictureof David Duchonovy almost nude, which appeared on the deal out of a European magazine. Another picture is of NancyReagan sitting on Mr. Ts lap, as he is dressed like SantaClaus. As I previously stated, the form of this website ishighly basic. It contains a lot of links to other pages,which consist of a few odd and disturbing photos. Eachpage contains a few cartoon picture s, which appoint andare related to that specific title of the page. A nice link toclick is the "mug shots" link. You can view and take a lookat famous actors, criminals, and professional athletes mugshots. Some mug shots that I think are good are Pee WeeHerman because he got arrested for masturbating, CharlesBarkley because he stony-broke a mans nose in a bar fight, andAl Pacino as young hoodlum growing up in Brooklyn.

Rotten dot Com :: essays research papers

I call for to say gooey dot com is not my type of website, butit did stay my attention. Even if you are disturbed or notattracted to well-nighthing, you should give it a chance. Younever know what to expect especially when you see,"Rotten dot com collects images and information from umteen sources to present the viewer with a truly unpleasantexperience" on the main page. The content of the site isdifferent than any other website that I have seen, but theform and layout is very common among websites. Rottendot com actually reminds of a newspapers layout. On themain page there are several touchs, some on the left side, andsome going down the bottom of the page. These links canbe related to the triggerman glosss of newspapers which lead you tothe inside story. Being that the website is easily viewed andunderstandable, rotten dot com is a very well designedwebsite. All the links show what topics can be viewed.Then after clicking on the specific link you want, a headerpage is opened. For example, if you click on the link"Celebrity Morgue", you will see a page with two skeletonson it, and the title overlapping them. Below the title andskeletons is a list of people who you can view dead bodiesof. Under the photos of the bodies, there are briefdescriptions of how each person person died. Anotherone of these links is called "famous." The famous link takesyou to a page similar to the Celebrity Morgue page, wherethere are several sub links on the page. With these linksyou can view rare photographs. Some of these photoscontain Richard Nixon meeting Elvis Presley, and a pictureof David Duchonovy almost nude, which appeared on the trail of a European magazine. Another picture is of NancyReagan sitting on Mr. Ts lap, as he is dressed like SantaClaus. As I previously stated, the form of this website ishighly basic. It contains a lot of links to other pages,which consist of a few odd and disturbing photos. Eachpage contains a few cartoon pictures , which attract andare related to that specific title of the page. A nice link toclick is the "mug shots" link. You can view and take a lookat famous actors, criminals, and professional athletes mugshots. Some mug shots that I think are good are Pee WeeHerman because he got arrested for masturbating, CharlesBarkley because he bust a mans nose in a bar fight, andAl Pacino as young hoodlum growing up in Brooklyn.

Disadvantages of television Essay

TV viewing takes away(p) the time that your minor needs to develop cardinal skills interchangeable language, creativity, motor, and social skills. These skills are developed in the kids first two years (a critical time for brain development) through play, exploration, and conversation. A kids language skills, for example, do not improve by passively listening to the TV. It is developed by interacting with people, when talking and listening is used in the context of in truth life. TV viewing numbs your kids mind as it prevents your child from exercising initiative, being intellectually challenged, thinking analytically, and using his imagination. TV viewing takes away time from reading and improving reading skills through practice.Kids who watch a lot of TV have trouble paying attention to teachers because they are disposed to the fast-paced visual stimulation on TV. Kids who watch TV more than they talk to their family have a difficult time adjusting from being visual learners to aural learners (learning by listening). They also have shorter attention spans. School kids who watch too much TV also function to work less on their provision. When doing homework with TV on the background, kids tend to retain less skill and information. When they lose sleep because of TV, they become less alert during the day, and this results in poor school performance.TV exposes your kid to negative influences, and promotes negative behavior. TV shows and commercials usually show violence, alcohol, drug use and sex in a positive light. The mind of your kid is like clay. It forms early impressions on what it sees, and these early impressions determine how he sees the world and affect his grown-up behavior. For instance, children who are more exposed to media violence behave more aggressively as kids and when they are older.Kids who watch too much TV are usually overweight, according to the American Medical Association. Kids often snack on junk pabulum while watching TV. The y are also influenced by commercials to consume unhealthy food. Also, they are not running, jumping, or doing activities that burn calories and increase metabolism. Obese kids, unless they change their habits, tend tobe obese when they become adults. TV watching also affects a childs health and athletic ability. The more television a child watches, even in the first years of life, the more likely he is to be obese and less muscularly fit, according to a study by the University of Montreal. sluice though your kid does not aspire to be a football star, his athletic abilities are important not only for physical health, but predicting how physically active he will be as an adult. tv further restricts an individual indulging in alternative activities such as reading, sports, religion, and active hobbies. Televisions portraiture of horror, crime and violence further anaesthetises an individual from the real life problem. As television competes with other activities and experiences in a childs life, parents role in providing alternatives are crucial. Moreover their own attitudes and beliefs both about television programmes and about life in general are important determinants of childrens response to television. Television may be a socialising force but it interacts in complex ways with all of the other forces in a childs life to determine the patterns of socialisation for that child.

Marijuana for Medical Purposes

Dear Mr. Ted Peetz I have read the essay you wrote, hobonabis for Medical Purposes Is It a Dopey Idea, and I have found some mistakes that I want to help you fix I am not writing this to bash your essay, but to help give you stronger examples. I want to help clear up and complete your thoughts before you further your essay. Furthermore, at the bottom of the starting page in your essay you use the source of Jo Daily, the former police in San Francisco, who smokes illegally to help relieve her pain after chemotherapy.Jo Daily is not a good source for this topic. Anyone, and especially a police officer, should be following the law. Citizens look up to people give care Jo Daily, but she is setting a very poor example as a law enforcement officer. On the endorsement page and in the fourth paragraph, you recommend giving marijuana to kids underweight with AIDS to help increase their appetite and relieve the stress of pain. You should neer mention kids and smoking because it would ha ve a very negative effect on the crowd, especially parents, no matter how strong the argument is.You aimed towards pathos but it was not the best topic. At the beginning of your essay you started off with a quote. You should never have a quote stand alone in a paper. Instead, embed the quote into a sentence. By embedding the quote, you get your paper going immediately. If you do what you are trying to do, you are starting off your paper already very awkwardly. Its considered a fragmented and its less formal. It could also have a negative effect and turn the reader away from the very beginning. Hey man, want some pot? is just going to make your paper sound like it is all about smoking pot and it really does not have a good relationship with the rest of the paper. In the first paragraph of the second page, you compare two incomparable subjects, marijuana and penicillin, and try to connect it by using pathos. There are really no resources saying that marijuana can cure but penicillin i s used with many doctors to cure patients. Also, on the second page you share how Chris Woiderski would get relief from muscle spasms and pains associated with being a paraplegic.A paraplegic is someone who cannot feel pain from the waist down. Lastly, you thoroughly explained how legalizing marijuana can help the patients with chemotherapy, kids with AIDS, and pain and stress relief and I have tho to see a reliable sources for any of these arguments or any following up sentences to defend them. Your sources show positive outlooks on marijuana, but the online articles are lone(prenominal) a page to a page long. There also needs to a different source than Online High Times Magazine, because their information is biased.

Impact of Terrorism on Financial Markets of Pakistan Essay

Since the emergence of 9/11 incident in U.S.A., the human being has witnessed characteristicifi mucklet increase in holy t actus reusist activities. Pakistan unfortunately has been the about vulnerable to the paradigm shift of t misconductist act. Its vulnerability is primarily subjected to its geographical location. Nonstop terrorist activities toppled everywhere the uncouths governmental, social and eco nary(prenominal)ic structure. Now the life of a normal citizen is at risk. State of infrastructure has become deplorable owing to the series of terrorist activities. Resultantly economic bodily process reduced manifold. Being a frontline state on war on terror the loss of Pakistans parsimoniousness was a natural consequence. Pakistans economy was affected almost at all economic fronts which comprises of external, industrial, agricultural, business and services sector, etc. The continued rise in the terrorist activities in addition affected the confidence of strange inve stors which caused the stoppage of FDI, besides withdrawal of the portfolio investment. The furbish up of terrorist act was too felt in all the areas of the economy with varying degree and posture.The most prominent areas include tourism, hotelling, manufacturing, cottage industry, transportation, trade, etc. These industries have reinforcing effect on each opposite. Factors much(prenominal)(prenominal) as heavy influx of Afghan immigrants, expoundicularly Taliban porous Pak-Afghan b recite political instability external conspiracies, demographic weaknesses and its geographical attractiveness have accentuated the process of Terrorism in Pakistan. All these factors combined with global war on terror have deterio judged Pakistans economic situation as a whole. pecuniary food securities industry places, which are the nucleus of whatever economic system, are also supposed to be affected referable to terrorist activities. In the aftermath of the terror attacks of 11 Septemb er 2001 in New York and 11 March 2004 investors confidence deteriorated beyond national boundaries because of transmission system do (Johnston and Nedelescu, 2006). Under the current wave of terrorism in Pakistan, particularly the stock merchandise, forex food market and money markets are affected the most.These markets are highly distinguished as most of the constitution impingements are transmitted by dint of these markets. Therefore, some(prenominal) disruption in the smooth working of these markets may affect the achievement of overall economic target set by the government. Especially the stock market, which is considered to be the barometer of economic health of a untaught, appeared to have been affected by the rise in extremism or terrorism in recent judgment of convictions. The forbid shock absorber of the market to hype in such activities is reflected by the selling of bonds of the target firms, just now the order and consistency of the negativity stirred in the market and of the spill over effects is questionable (Karolyi, 2006). Similarly, the forex market which is also obviously affected by the uncertainty prevailing in the economic environment bears indecent effects of the related events. As regard the edgeing sector of Pakistan, it is also found to be inflicted due to the aftermath of the terrorist activities.The size and distri merelyion of the effect of these activities would depend on the myriad of factors such as nature of terrorist attack, target of the attack, the multiplier effect, insurance policy response and the resiliency of the pecuniary market (Bruck and Wickstrom, 2004). Besides Lal Masjid operation, the hall mark of the terrorist activities over the sample period is loss of internationally known Pakistani Political reputation i.e. Benazir Bhutto. After the assassination of the said Pakistans banking sector faced substantial losses due to damage to the infrastructure and robberies of the bank.Downfall of any of the pecuniary market associated with a terrorist activity reduces the incentive to spend as opposed to save, a process that can spread through the economy and the rest of the worldly have-to doe with through normal business cycle and trade channels (Johnston and Nedelescu, 2006). Keeping in view the significance of fiscal market for Pakistans economy, the quantification of the bear on of terrorists activities on monetary market becomes an interesting area of look for work. Especially, this requires empirical quantification of the wallop of motley kinds of terrorist activities that either occurred in break business centers or happened in the far flung areas.II. literature ReviewWe find genuinely limited literature on the subject issue. Although a few studies are found to be discussing the overall consequences of terrorism on world economies, we do non find much evidence about the quantification of the fix of terrorist activities on financial markets using such high freq uency selective information and with special cite to Pakistan. For the benefit of readers, the review of some of the pertinent studies has been made which is addicted as under After the eruption of terrorism in Spain in the 1970s, Abadie and Gardeazabal (2001) discovered the fact that there was ten percent deterioration in the per capita GDP of the Basque region as opposed to a synthetic control region. They also found out that this difference widened due to the rise in the terrorist activities. Chen and Siems (2004) assessed the degree to which the U.S. line of merchandise market reacted to quadteen extremist acts in the past 90 years by using the event conduct methodology. They also tried to assess the impact of the September 11 attacks and the raid on Kuwait by Iraq on the stock markets of polar nations of the world.They found certain proof of flexibility in the fact that the encounter with such extremists lead to a decrease in the market reaction. Moreover, they came to know that the impact of the September 11 incidence and the Iraqi raid were more unfavorable and harmful on the stock markets of nations around the world as opposed to the U.S. stock markets. The count by Johnston, et al. (2005) feated to explore the impact of terrorism on financial markets. They found that how financial markets react to diametrical shocks stemming from terrorist attacks. By making use of the information on financial markets such as the government securities market, the repo market, the insurance industry and the capital market of U.S, the study analyse the reaction of the financial markets to the September 11 2001 terrorist attacks in the New York, and March 11, 2004 attacks in Madrid.They concluded that given the accurate timely response of the authorities and scallywag disaster management, the financial markets of U.S and Spain respectively were attributed with diversity and resilience to absorb the shocks of terrorist attacks. Both the central banks laden with the sense of responsibility of the lender of the last resort also came to rescue their respective financial systems in the aftermath of these acts of terrorism. In addition, the globalization trends also incepted the cross border cooperation among the central banks which subsided the diffusion of contagion effects through the chain process of business cycle. Barth, and et al (2006) used panel data on terrorism and employed some of the control protean quantitys which proved the negative, de object lessonize and unfavorable influence of terrorism on economic progress. In broad-spectrum, these extremists concomitants and events have a substantial destructive impact on the economy of a country and thus render a depreciation and deterioration of the economy.Their outcome also sheds some joyous on the fact that the aim of such attacks also makes a difference. Extremists attacks directed at places and properties some early(a) than that of public have an unconstructive link com monly with development and capital structure and generation. Gulley and Jahangir (2006) used the statistical data accessible for the stock, bond and foreign exchange rate and stock market from 1968 to July 2005, for a group of countries i.e Australia, Canada, France, Ger some, Italy, Japan, UK and the US. Data on terrorist attacks has been collected from The National Memorial Institute for legal profession of Terrorism (MIPT) for exactly the same time period characterizing the date, time, location, type and target of the attack. Since the data is high frequency data, they have employed Generalised Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscadastisity (GARCH) copy to study the impact of terror attacks on the kick the bucket (level) and excitableness of the financial markets of the sample area, while their suppositious model is based on asset set model. Their publications are well collaborated with the perceived expectations and the speculation.They found negative returns with increa sing terrorist activities for the stock market, while for the bond market take down yields were observed. Terrorist attacks had not been found associated with additional capriciousness in stock market in the given set of countries under observation. Liquidity of the foreign exchange market is importantly higher than other markets. Abadie and Gardeazabal (2007) attempt to measure the impact of terrorism on the foreign direct investment in an open economy. They made use of the data set on dismiss stock of FDI obtained from the UNCTAD (United Nation Conference on Trade and Development) for 98 countries and GTI (Global Terrorism indication) for measuring data on terror activities which have the 100European daybook of Social Sciences Volume 18, Number 1 (2010) advantage over other measures by being popular among the international investors who use it to evaluate specific countrys risk. During their regression analysis, keeping the other types of risks constant, it was concluded th at small changes in terror activities have the potential to bring big change in the tryst of the productive resources across the countries, keeping the international economy sufficiently open. They have statistically proved that wit the increasing standard deviation of the terror attacks, the lucre FDI shrinks by 5 percent of GDP. Melnick and Eldor (2007) used discounted-cash-flow valuation model in order to calculate the media exposure created due to such terrorist acts and also for the assessment of cost in term of the foregone alternatives of the liberated and unbound media exposure provoked by such extremists acts and their impact on the single stock market run in Israel, Tel Aviv Stock swap, to measure the influence on the economy.They reached to the conclusion that there a statistic importance and significance of the opportunity cost variable and that it provides a role as an adequate indicator including the whole content required to portray the impact of militant acts on the stock market. The outcome clearly shows the talk relationship surrounded by the degree of media exposure and the deterioration in the determine of stocks. However, it was also found that not any of the elements arising out of terrorism are statistically substantial and significant after the insertion of the opportunity cost variable in the equation. Berrebi and Klor (2008) took the sample of 125 Israeli justification and security companies that are traded in American markets and a number of American companies as controls for Israeli companies. The data on terror attacks, collected from Israeli foreign ministry, was based on fooling terror attacks and noncombatant fatalities arising from them.They made use of the event study methods in order to measure and assess the positive impact of terrorism on the return of the stocks of the sample companies sexual relation to those of control group. It was empirically found that Israeli defense related companies experienced comparative ly lowered (negative) affected returns than those of American controls during the first part of the period under analysis i.e. before Palestinian uprising (January 1st, 1998 September 28th, 2000). They had also been successful in proving that average cumulative difference in abnormal returns (CDRAR) of the defense related companies exhibit downward slope before the Palestinian uprising where as the trends reverses abruptly during the second part of period under analysis (second Palestinian uprising).During the second uprising, the defense realted companies gained around 70 percentage points while the non defense companies lost over 60 percentage points. Out of the myriad of explore problems pertaining to this area of interest, quantification of the terrorist activities and measuring its impact on the fluctuation of various economic variables is imperative owing to the possibility of plausible relationships between two variables which may result in biased empirical results (Berrebi and Klor, 2008). In this paper, this problem has been tried to sought out by using Durban Watson statistics in order to check the variables for autocorrelation issue.This study is different in several aspects from the existing studies which were conducted on the subject matter. Some of the distinguishing features are given as under It uses workaday data on all the financial markets and the terrorist activities. Earlier studies present on this topic have examined the financial markets on a much lower frequency data. This study is first of its kind with reference to Pakistan. No research has been done in Pakistan before on the same lines. Different aspects of terrorism have been incorporated in this study in scathe of the kind of terrorist activity, its intensity, the location of incidence and the target. The study examines the effect of each kind of terrorist activity on stock, forex and money markets separately.III. enquiry MethodologyData Description The study uses time seri es data for this piece of research work. It uses high frequency data, which is a daily data, over a period of two and a half(prenominal) years (i.e. from 31st December 2005 to 30th June 2008). The 101 European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 18, Number 1 (2010) data has been collected from different resources. tributary data has been used for three financial markets separately, i.e. banking market which represents the money market while stock market (KARACHI STOCK EXCHANGE) and the FOREX market represent the capital market. The data on the KSE Index has been taken from the KSE website. The data on the foreign exchange (i.e. rupee dollar parity) has been acquired from the Monetary Policy Department of the State Bank of Pakistan. The data on KIBOR (Karachi Inter Bank Offer Rate) has also been obtained from Domestic Markets & Monetary Management Department (DMMD), State Bank of Pakistan.The most cumbersome process of the primary coil data collection has been the collection of terr orists activities on daily basis. Daily information on these activities has been collected from various news papers including The Daily Dawn. Since various kinds of terrorists activities were found in the news papers, an attempt was made to choose the most relevant activities which has some impact on the working of financial market. While finding out the impact of terrorists activities on the financial markets of Pakistan we categorize the terrorists activities into four distinct dope variables. The terrorists activities have been grouped together in four different categories label D1, D2, D3 & D4. Each activity has been assigned a particular group according to its intensity. A brief discussion of dummy variables used in the study is given as under D1 is reach to 1 for the kind of terrorists activities which have targeted the anchor personnel (political or otherwise) of the country and 0 for not adventure of such event. D2 is equal to 1 for the happenings of the terrorists ac tivities in the cities that are financially active or are the economic centers of the country and 0 for not happening of such events. D3 is equal to 1 for occurrence of major activities but in the non financial cities, Whereas D4 equals 1 for minor terrorists events taking place in small cities and 0 for not happening of such events. DST is equal to 1 in case of any structural change that has taken place during the period under study, otherwise it is equal to 0. Though most of the activities placed in D4 are not minor in terms of cost of human lives and infrastructure of the cities, but may be because of the peaking magnitude of the terrorism in the country for the past two and a half years or so, we as a nation, has become so much resilient to such attacks that loss of lives of normal citizens or human beings or blowing up of countrys resources does not mean much loss to us, neither in moral sense nor in financial terms.Analytical Techniques For the love of results, E-views, wh ich is time series econometric software, has been extensively used. For the purpose of analysis, the model used is MULTIPLE REGRESSION place. This model not only tells us the extent of the impact of terrorists activities on the individual financial markets but it also tells us the direction of the relationship between the regressors and the regressands. In this study the regressand are KSEI, FOREX rate and KIBOR while the four categories of terrorist activities are regressors. The study asseses the impact of terrorist activities on these three market. The functional form of the model would be as follows (1) FM = f (Di) Where FM indicates any type of the above mentioned financial market. Di indicates dummy variable capturing the impact of any type of the terrorist activity which affects the financial markets in Pakistan. To assess the impact, the functional form of the equation no. 1 is converted into mathematical equation, which is as follows FM = + Di (2) Where FM = any financial market operating in Pakistan e.g. = intercept = parameter to be estimated or coefficient. Di = dummy variables ranging from D1 to D4. WhileD1, D2, D3 and D4 are already explained. For KIBOR analysis, the study uses an additional dummy variable namely DST. It denotes any structural changes occurring in the economy which has imminent impact on the inter bank market.Since the dependent variable (financial markets) is also affected by many other variables which are called stochastic or error terms, so we need to convert the equation no. (2) into an econometric equation, which is represented as follows FM = + Di + ei (3) Where ei is an error term. Since the dynamics of each kind of financial markets are a bit different. We need to estimate the results separately using a different equation for estimation purpose. These are given below i. Stock Market Since KSE is the most active or most efficient of all the financial markets in Pakistan, we analyze the impact of four dummy variables o n KSE 100 index first. In order to particularly analyze the growth of KSE Index we convert the daily values of KSE 100 Index into their log values. As the stock market show significant volatility over the last few years, we take natural log of the equation no. (2) for smoothening of the KSE Index. KSEI = + Di + ei (4) Taking natural log on the left hand side we get Ln(KSEI) = + Di + ei (5) This is the final equation which can now be used for estimation of the impact analysis of terrorist activities on KSE.The equation reads as the natural log of Karachi Stock Exchange 100 Index is a function of the Di viz D1, D2, D3 and D4 representing various forms and intensity levels of terrorist activities. After regressing all the dummy variables (D1 to D4) separately on the LnKSEI, we see adverse effect of D1, D2 and D4 on the LnKSEI. It is important to note that the individual effect of D1 and D2 seemed suppressed. So in order to enhance the collective effect of D1 and D2 we combine both th e variables and name it as D1. So that the terrorists activities targeting key personnel and major financial areas are singularly termed as major events (grouped in D1) while D3 and D4 remain the same. By applying OLS regression technique, we estimate the following equation(6) Ln(KSEI) = a + D1 + D4 + ei Where Ln(KSEI) = natural log Karachi Stock Exchange Index. D1 = terrorists activities targeting key personnel and major financial cities.D4 = minor activities in small cities. , , = parameters to be estimated. ei = stochastic/ error/residual term. ii. FOREX Market Foreign exchange market of a nation is the arena where countrys funds is traded for other currencies. The daily buying and selling of a capital determines the daily average rate of a currency. The trading takes place in domestic and international market simultaneously and hence the equilibrium point of the demand and supply of a currency determines the daily average FOREX rate. The rate can be determined in terms of any foreign currency. The exchange of currency typically takes place via brokers, but overall many institutions like commercial banks, investment banks, brokerage houses, clearance houses, foreign exchange markets on the whole and individuals are involved in the process. FOREX market is the biggest financial market of the world but with reference to Pakistan it stands second. Since foreign exchange rate can be presented in two ways, i.ei. Direct quotation mark ii. Indirect quotation. In this study we have used the direct quotation of the Pak rupee (PKR). We take the exchange rate of PKR in terms of U.S Dollar and express the exchange rate as I/PKR (direct quotation).Taking its natural log reduces the volatility of the exchange rate. In our analysis we are required to determine the impact of terrorists activities on the Exchange Rate stability or to critically see how much of the underlined activities depreciate the domestic currency in terms of the foreign currency (U.S. Dollar). We have derived the following equation Ln (ER) = + Di + ei (7) Where ER = exchange rate. While for analysis purpose we use the following equation. (8) Ln (ER) = + 1(D1) + 2(D2) + (D4) + ei where Ln (ER) = natural log of exchange rate D1 = terrorists activities targeting the key personalities D2 = terrorists activities taking place in the major financial cities D4 = minor terror events in small cities. , , = parameters to be estimated ei = residual/ error term. It is clear from equation (8) that ER is influenced by the terrorist activities grouped in D1, and D2. For the empirical findings, we regress the given econometric equation by applying OLS technique. iii. KIBOR Karachi Inter Bank Offer Rate (KIBOR) is the average of daily offer rates of commercial banks.It is the average daily rate on which a bank offers short term loans to other commercial banks. In other words, KIBOR is a yardstick to measure the capability of banking industry of a country to accommodate short term loans and funds. The underlined activities may also affect KIBOR rates. Interbank rate is the relative indicator of implementation and efficiency of banking industry since it indicates the borrowing ability of the commercial banks. Econometric equation for KIBOR is given as KIBOR = + Di + ei (9) To find out the empirical results of impact of terrorism on banking industry (KIBOR) weestimate the following econometric equation by OLS technique. KIBOR = + D1 + DST + ei (10) Where KIBOR = Karachi Inter Bank Offer Rate D1 = major terrorists activities targeting key personalities. DST = dummy variable for structural changes. , , = parameters to be estimated ei = stochastic/error/residual term.IV. Empirical FindingsAs already explained, we separately estimate the impact of terrorists activities on three types of financial markets mainly due to having different dynamics and sensitivity of events. The final impact analysis is given as under i. KSEI Using equation no. (6) we obtain the impact of un derlining activities on KSE market. 104European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 18, Number 1 (2010) It is apparent from the results that the value of R2 is 0.98 or 98% which means that our model is best fitted. It implies that 98% of variations in the dependant variable (LnKSEI) are explained by the independent variable. Durbin Watson Statistics is equal to 1.96, which is closer to 2, shows that the regression model is not ploughed with the problem of autocorrelation. Standard error of the model is also reasonably small (0.016336) which is responsible for increasing the calculated value of t-statistics, thus we reject null hypothesis (i.e. Ho & = 0). F-statistics is 14379.05, which is comparatively very high indicating the overall significance/fitness of the model. C or is actually the intercept which is the weighted average of all the ignored variables that might affect the KSE index. Its value is 9.441305 which are significant at 1 % level of significance (highly significant ).This indicates that KSEI is affected by variety of events not include in this analysis due to time constraint factor. Most probably the factors like capital taxes on earnings of stocks, capital inflows, and future strategies of companies registered at stock market, external shocks might be included in the test. Similarly, the terrorist activities also adversely affect KSE. Particularly, the value of D1 dummy variable ( = -0.005021 at 2% level of significance) indicates that 1 percent increase in relevant terrorists activities might negatively affect KSE 100 Index by 0.5 percent. It means that the terrorists activities occurring in major financial hubs and those targeting key personalities of the country negatively and importantly impacts the performance of the KSE. To put it the other way round, KSE 100 Index might decline when any such terrorist activity occurs in the region. In the same way, the dummy variable D4 has also affected the KSE 100 Index negatively. It indicates that minor terrorist attacks occurring in small cities do not impact the KSE 100 Index significantly, although the impact in negative.Here, the estimated negative value of (-0.000137) means to support the argument that small terrorist activities have negative impact on KSE. More appropriately, the said terrorist activities grouped in D4 combined with other residual factors also affect the functioning of the KSEI negatively. The impact of such activities on KSE performance may become significant because of the important paradigm shift in policy measures. Policies of the government or other concerned institutions are greatly affected by the magnitude of terrorism in a region. Greater the magnitude of the terrorist activities, greater would be the uncertainty in economic environment, and consequently greater would be the rate of change of policy measures. Since Karachi provides the centre of financial activities to the country and Karachi Stock Exchange is the biggest stock market of the c ountry, so the vulnerability of the city to the terrorism is most plausibly to create volatility of the liquidity in the economy. Greater the occurrence of terrorist activities in the city, greater would be the likelihood of adverse effect on the financial markets, particularly KSE.Consequently the result would be the higher outflow of capital, lower investments, lesser exports and depletion of foreign reserves. ii. FOREX Rate Using the equation no.(8) the results of the impact of terrorist activities on FOREX market has been estimated by OLS technique. According to the results obtained, the value of the R2 is 0.99 or 99%, which implies that 99% of the variations in dependant variable (ER) are explained by the variations in explanatory variables. The value of R2 is pretty high indicating that the model is a best fit. Durbin Watson statistics is equal to 2 screening that there is no issue of autocorrelation in the regression model. The F- statistics value is also very high and sign ificant presentation the overall significance of the model. Standard error of the regression is very low, making t- statistics pretty high.The intercept term, C or is -4.078457 which is quite significant indicating that the ignored variables caused depreciation of Pak rupee against U.S. Dollar. As regards the impact of dummy variable D1, it is negative but undistinguished. So we are able to interpret that the terrorist activities named as D1 do adversely affect the exchange rate of PKR but the impact is not at all significant. Similarly, the coefficient of D2 is also very small which indicates that the response of the FOREX market to underlying activities is almost negligible. It determines that D2 activities have a negative and insignificant impact on the determination of FOREX rate. The impact of D4 activities on FOREX is interpreted in the same way as that of D1 and D2.European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 18, Number 1 (2010) From all of the above coefficient values we c an infer a negative relationship between the terrorism and the FOREX rate. The negative sign indicates that any such happening is responsible for the depreciation of the domestic currency in terms of the foreign currency (U.S. Dollar in the present case). Though this impact is not significantly visible with reference to Pakistan but there might be several possible explanations for this suppressed relationship. From Pakistans standpoint the impact might be insignificant because of high resilience of the financial markets here. From the daily data of the terrorist activities it is evident that these events have been taking place at a very high frequency over the sample period.The magnitude of these activities ranges from mild offensive happenings to very high terror attempts that scare off the whole humanity. In this scenario, it is likely to expect the convergence of financial markets. The impact has to be adverse because such happenings produces uncertainty in the economic environme nt, increases the risks and liquidity shortage, reduces exports, depreciates currency, lowers the domestic and foreign investments and thus definitely there is a leakage of capital from economy. But in case of Pakistan, high frequency of such events might be responsible for the cold blooded attitude of nation as a whole and these events may seem a routine happening to the people involved in currency trading or in any other financial market. It is because of this reason that the variation in depreciation of PKR is very less as compared to the perceived expectations. So we can safely say, terrorism does not signify its impact on foreign exchange market of Pakistan, unless the event is highly adverse or of global attention like that of assassination of the power prime minister of Pakistan, Benazir Bhutto.iii. KIBOR By using OLS technique on equation no.(10) we get the following results on impact of terrorist activities on the money market or interbank market (KIBOR). The results show ed us that the value of R2 is 0.98 or 98% which means that it is a best fitted model. 98% of the variations in the dependant variable, KIBOR, are determined by the variations in the explanatory (independent) variable. The estimated value of Durbin Watson Statistics is 1.95 which is used to indicate that the results are not ploughed with the menace of autocorrelation problem. This reflects the accuracy of results, as it can be used in the policy formulation process concerning the KIBOR. Standard Errors are very small which means higher values of t-statistics. Values of F-statistics are again very high i.e. 15109.34 showing the overall significance of the model. The value of intercept, C or is 8.474 is high, which is significant at 1% level of significance.It is indicative of the fact that other factors are more likely to be responsible for the increase in the bank rate. The value of the coefficient of D1 i.e 1 is 0.001382. The terrorist activities grouped in D1 do affect the KIBOR p ositively but insignificantly. Positive sign indicates that greater the occurrence of the activities, higher will be the interbank rate. The coefficient of D2 is also positive (highly significant at 1 % level of significance). It indicates that factors other than terrorist activities play a key role in bringing about changes in the KIBOR rate. The impact of terrorist activities on KIBOR is widespread as compared to that of stock market (KSE). It is because of the fact that we find a bank branch network throughout the country, while KSE is confined to one city only. So the likelihood of the affect of terrorism increases on banking industry. The increased impact can be seen in the shape of the KIBOR rate.V. Conclusions and RecommendationsThis study was primarily aimed at estimating the impact of various kinds of terrorist activities on the three financial markets viz Karachi stock market, Foreign exchange market and the money market. The findings of the OLS regression model enable us to conclude The economy of Pakistan has been adversely affected by the ongoing terrorist activities. The terrorists activities in Pakistan have adversely and significantly affected the performance of KSE. Further, the KSE has been comparatively more affected by the terrorist events compared tothe other markets. This might be due to its vary nature as KSEI is relatively more sensitive to events rather than economic fundamentals. The terrorist activities have insignificant but adverse effect on FOREX market. One reason behind the insignificant impact of terrorist activities on FOREX rates might be the inter bank data used in the analysis. As the SBP continue to interfere in the FOREX market, therefore, any volatility arising due to such events might be subdued due to SBP proactive intervention. The impact on KIBOR rate although negative but estimated to be insignificant is a very positive development as KIBOR rate is considered as an indicator of short term loans extended by banks.I n case of significant adverse impact of terrorist activities on KIBOR, it may affect investment plans of the country, which might have been negative implication for Pakistans economy. Most of the findings of this study are consistence with the theoretical expectations. The result estimates for the KSE 100 Index and KIBOR rate are per expectations. The econometric results for the second regression are although correctly directed but not consistent with the theory to extent as expected. The rising magnitude of terrorism in a country definitely adversely affects the economy in general and financial markets in particular. Last but not the least, targets of the terrorist activities play an important role in determining the impact on financial markets. There might be many shortcomings in the study which mainly accounts to the time constraints. light of the present study some policy recommendations could be made, following are some of In the light of the study, its empirical findings and conclusions the government and the state ought to work on the institutional development on account of terrorism.Anti terrorism policy framework of international concern shall be formulated, enhanced and made available to the general public under this institution. Masses be given advanced warnings before occurring of any such event and rehabilitation be an important immediate step after the event has happened. Besides the well being of the general masses, effective contingency planning to mitigate the financial risk faced by the financial firms and the over all economy has to form a major constituent of the anti terrorism policy making institution. Since the adverse impact of terrorism on the financial markets has been econometrically proved in this study, economic policy should form an eminent part of the anti terrorism policy making. Effective measures shall be devised to counter the wave of disruption created in any of the above mentioned financial markets. With the continuous att acks of terror on the economy, as in Pakistan, the major domestic and international investors draw their money out of the financial markets.There is a flight of capital out of the economy which is a major set back to the domestic currency. To mitigate the risk of depreciation of the currency, policies regarding increasing the money supply and lowering the interest rates in order to perk up investors confidence and to keep the foreign reserves build up shall be enacted. Policy has to be formed to strengthen the financial structure of the economy and increase its resilience to absorb the shocks to the maximum limit. Opportunities to the domestic manufacturers shall be accentuated to increase exports and thus demand of domestic currency. This is an important measure to void the depreciation of currency and also it will make the trade deficit unlikely to occur. This is an important policy implication for the money market. Investment in research and development and innovative security m easures is also need of the day.European Journal of Social Sciences Volume 18, Number 1 (2010) Lastly, policies should be made and extended on the global level to increase the cooperation and coordination among the major stake holders in the global financial markets. Policies regarding benign relationships among the central banks of international importance shall also be boost so as to extend financial help during the crucial financial crunch after any enormous act of terrorism. Based on the results findings, the study mainly recommends that the concerned policy makers must take into account the impact of terrorist activities while formulating policies for the three kinds of financial markets. However, the impact of terrorist activities varies on each market in terms of its intensity, place of occurrence etc. References1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Abadie, A. and Gardeazabal, J. (2001). The Economic Costs of Conflict A Case-Control Study for the Basque Country. Research Working written report No . 01/048. Harvard University. Faculty Research Working Paper Series. Retrieved from http//papers.ssrn.com/abstract=293120 Abadie, A. and Gardeazabal, J. (2007). Terrorism and the World Economy. Available at http//www.hks.harvard.edu/fs/aabadie/twe.pdf Barth, J.R., Li, T., McCarthy, D. (2006). Economic Impacts of Global Terrorism From Munich to Bali. Capital studies, Milken Institute. Berrebi, C. and Klor, E. F. (2008). The impact of terrorism on defense industry. Working paper No. 597. RAND labor and population working paper series. Retrieved from http//papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=729006 Bruck, T. and Wickstrom, B. A. (2004). The economic consequences of terror A Brief Survey. HiCN Working paper 03. Paper presented at Household in Conflict Network, University of Sussex, April 2004. Chen, A. H. and Siems T. F. (2004). Effects of terrorism on global capital markets. European journal of political economy. Vol. 20, pp 349-346. Chesney, M., Reshetar, G. and Karaman, M. (2 010). The Impact of Terrorism on Financial Markets An Empirical Study. Retrieved from http//www.google.com.pk/search?hl=en&q=The+Impact+of+Terrorism+on+Financial+Market s+An+Empirical+Study&btnG=Search&aq=f&aqi Gujrati, D. N. (2004). basic Econometrics. United States Military Academy, West Point, Mc Graw Hill Publications. Gulley, O. D. and Sultan, J. (2006). Risk Premium Volatility, and Terrorism New Evidence. Milken Institute. Gupta, S., Clements, B., Bhattacharya, R., and Chakravarti, S. (2002). Fiscal Consequences of Armend Forces and Terrorism in Low and Middle-Income Countries. IMF Working Paper No 02/142. International Monetary Fund ,Fiscal Affair Department. Glaeser, E. L. and Shapiro, J. M. (2001). Cities And Warfare The Impact Of Terrorism On Urban Form. NBER Working Paper No 8696. National role of Economic Research. Jalalzai, M. K. (2002). The Holy Terror -Islam, Violence and

Globalization: Video Games Essay

The global software market for ikon crippleds was approximately $52 billion in 2012. In just the last 8 years, the emerging markets read gone from 12% to 47% of the market size and are growing at a compounded annual rate of nearly 30%. all of this growth in the planetary video game market offers a unique experience and cultural impact on many countries that previously would not have had exposure to these types of games. This exposure demonstrates the globalizing power video games have, and their effects on individual players.In order to quantify this effect several specific internationally popular games will be listed and described relating their content to cultures of industrialized, Middle-Eastern, and developing countries. The United States has long been one of the preeminent leaders in the computer and portable turn production industry. Treyarch and Activision teamed up to deliver the Call of Duty series, including the recently popular Black Ops 2, which has been an interna tional best seller.The game is available on many contrasting platforms besides the PC including various counsels and even portable gaming formats. The game deals with warfare among several nations, including historical cold war missions that tie to an over bowing premise linking these events to a future plotline. Through engaging war and nations in this manner a game alike(p) this could be seen to propel a accredited ripple effect in perceptions of America among developing and middle-eastern countries. Many countries feel certain games have unfavorable portrayal of their nation or their religion and beliefs.Games like these may not necessarily induce violence, yet given the extreme realistic nature and handling of certain themes, there could be a desensitizing aspect to individuals playing the game. When speaking about video games globalizing affect on cultures, one important point to observe is that many instances of unfavorable reception or regulation of a game are done so in o rder to retain cultural heritage and beliefs. The Sims is a game by electronic Arts, which has been around for over a decade and has many different expansions over the years.The reason t has been such a relevant and best selling game is because it is very customizable and gives people the chance to create their own lifelike character and family, subjecting them to many different scenarios. The game has been popular and has given many different countries an raise look into a more Americanized living atmosphere and value system as hinted through the game play. They game is a great way to fail people to American and western customs in an interesting and fun way. However, certain countries have criticized it for the opulent centered outlook and encouragement of certain ideals deemed wrong in certain cultures.In much the same way new(prenominal) games treatment of drugs, alcohol and sex have unearthed in the raw concerns for cultural boundaries in video games, especially countries with strict religious policies regarding such topics. American games influence on other cultures is not all negative. With advancements in the market, games have expanded and opened up many opportunities for countries to develop their own format and localized versions of games. American games also push the limits of technology further expanding the horizon and scope of games available in burgeoning new markets.Additionally, these new markets, including new industrialized and even increase access in Middle-Eastern and developing nations, are expanding their technology to compete and offer consumers availability and access to such products. This proliferation in technology and broadband access also allows individuals in other countries the ability to communicate and interact with each other in online multiplayer formats. This exposure and fundament of consumers from different cultures is breaking down borders and increasing globalization.The video game industry has had to weather cri ticism since its inception as to its role in violence and other social issues. However, given its increased role internationally, and the gaming industrys ability to help drive technology, there has been a resurgence in international acceptance of American video games and technology. The role games have on individuals may be a bundled and often complex topic, but there is no denying the increasing access and technological driving force video games represent to other countries.

Frankenstein †Who is the real monster? Essay

The novel Frankenstein was written by Mary Shelley when she was only eighteen years old, after a nightmare she had. It was published on 1st January 1818 and became a great success. Mary Shelley used the style of gothic horror in this novel, introducing Frankenstein as perhaps the first science fiction book ever written in this genre. Almost two centuries later it has become a wide read classic novel, but also one of the most influential novels ever written. One of the influences on Mary Shelley when she wrote Frankenstein was the scientific experiments of the fourth dimension.Scientists were researching the effects of electricity on dead animals and humans they were striving to control powers of living and death. They had discovered that an electric current could galvanise the limbs, making them move. Not only does Dr. Frankenstein bring his creature to emotional state by using an electrical current, but also Mary Shelley describes numerous storms, which include lightening, when t he monster appears to Frankenstein at various predicts through off the book. Frankenstein is a moral rehearsal that deals with issues and ethics of medical and scientific progression and how far humans should go when tampering with nature.The story raises questions as to who should have final power over sustenance and human nature God or humans. Shelley calls her book a Modern Prometheus. Prometheus is a story of a Greek God who gave the human race fire, come on of pity so they could eat, but also brought them danger, and was therefore punished for it. Frankenstein is also punished by several horrific deaths in his family. He soon finds bulge out that playing God has horrendous consequences. This story tells the tale of Dr Frankenstein, an optimistic student of natural philosophy who makes a manlike monster from parts of dead bodies and brings it to life by using an electrical current.Frankensteins monster is larger than most men and equally as strong. This superhuman creature seems to be the godfather of many a comic villain. It may be that Shelley wanted to explore what it feels like to be classed as a villain, when really you have a gentle heart that is comfortably misunderstood. I think that because Mary Shelley had many fears and insecurities in her own life, including blaming herself for her inability to prevent her childrens deaths, it caused her to become concerned about the issues of creation which led to her written material Frankenstein.During this essay I will be writing about where my sympathy lies as a reader and also looking at the techniques Shelley uses to engage our attendance as a reader and manipulate our sympathies. Throughout the novel Frankensteins role varies from being a victim to becoming a villain. Half of the time Frankenstein is a victim of the creature he so carelessly restored to life, because of his obsession with natures genetics. This obsession leads to his destruction but everything he love goes first, going away him with nothing to fight for, only the desperate hope that approximatelyday his creature will die.At the beg aubergeing of chapter five Frankenstein portrays himself as a hero as he says I beheld the accomplishment of my toils and also the wretch whom with such(prenominal) infinite pains and cares I had endeavoured to form. This suggests that Frankenstein looked beyond the horror of what he was doing and found some sort of glory in his ability to create this monster. He was blinded by his ambition as a scientist and believed he had created a monster with such beautiful features.However when the creature finally awoke he suddenly realised the mistake he had made. He could not describe his emotions as this catastrophe. This is the point at which the reader too, becomes fully aware for the first time of what Frankenstein has really done in creating such a terrifying monster. Shelley uses a range of techniques to follow out a sense of terror in the opening of chapter five. Her first ref erence to the creature that Frankenstein is making is a lifeless thing.When we read on, we find out that not only is it a corpse, but also one in which the eyes are a dull yellow colour, its yellow skin barely covering the work of muscles and arteries, and its teeth a pearly whiteness. All these things add to the prolonged sense of catastrophe that Frankensteins life will wrestle out to be whats more it adds to the feeling of disgust and horror that the readers thoughts so rapidly turn to. The image of the candle being half do away with represents Frankensteins life of peace drawing to an end.This is the very opposite of what Frankenstein was trying to achieve. When Shelley describes the process that Frankenstein has undergone to infuse life into an inanimate body, we are further appal at the thought of bringing about something so terrible. Frankenstein had also deprived himself of his own health in order to create this monster. He has destroyed himself for the pursuit of his c reation this suggests that he has almost given his own life for the creation of his monster and leads us to question the consequences of such an action.Mary Shelley examines the consequences of creating a human adjoin without a soul or conscience. She suggests that as humans pursue science they may discover things about themselves that they do not like. When Frankenstein is asleep his creation comes to him in the night, terrifying him and forcing him to run from the house. Once outside he is drenched by the rain which poured from the black and uncomfortable sky. Here Shelley uses nature to create a sense of eeriness in her writing and build tension.This is natures punishment for Frankenstein because of his obsession to create a monster, destroying the laws of nature. The sky is described as comfortless, Frankenstein cannot expect to receive any comfort or solace from nature because of his destruction of the laws of nature and his blatant disregard of them. Nature therefore rejects him. During this chapter Shelley uses a verse by Colendge to show how Frankenstein feels. It states that he is on a lonesome road and walks in fear and dread because he knows a frightful fiend doth stringent behind him tread.It suggests that he has forced himself into a situation where he is alone and beyond the help of others because of his own actions. He stops outside an inn where he meets an old school friend who on seeing him instantly sprung out. This meeting is fate as the friend is then murdered, towards the end of the book, by the monster. Previously Frankenstein has repeatedly referred to the creature as a miserable wretch. He now goes further towards giving the creature an identity by claiming that he is his enemy.Part of Frankensteins rejection of his creature is that he does not even give it a name. Frankenstein is pushed to insanity by the fear of his enemy. He is so consumed by fear and despair that he even implies that his friend should not have nursed him back t o health, but have let him die so that he could get away from the creature and the dreadful consequences of his birth. This is shown when Frankenstein says, firm in the hope he felt of my recovery, he did not doubt that, instead of doing harm, he performed the kindest action that he could towards them.

Hotel Rwanda Essay

The film Hotel Rwanda was about capital of Minnesota Rusesabagina who was the hotel manager of Hotel des Mille Collines. In this film, he was set in a time and an environment where there was so much internal violence and conflict between ethnic groups or communities in Rwanda between the Hutu and the Tutsi. Paul was trying to run his hotel amidst all these controversies and dangers lurking around him, his family and his fellow expansemen.He was well-aware of these hazards being placed right in the middle where he would encounter spate from both ethnic communities while being a part of one. This film presented the alarming event that changed and set the country of Rwanda in the affair of the world as a place where some of the worst atrocities of mankind had been committed, where around 800,000 people were killed in short span of three months. Amidst these horrifying circumstances, Paul stood up to save not only his family and friends but his fellowmen doing everything he could to s ave the lives around him. The film showed the burden Paul had to carry as a husband, as a father and as a citizen. Paul was a Hutu but his wife, Tatiana, was actually a Tutsi. Being married to his wife, a Tutsi, Paul would be considered a traitor to the Hutu. The highlighting part of the movie was on the night of the civil war where Paul had to save his family and friends. He then brought them to his hotel. At the same time, to a greater extent than refugees were also arriving at the hotel. Paul left the hotel to seek help and would then talk with the Hutu army general who after some time agreed to go to the hotel. When they arrived, the hotel was already under siege. Paul searched for his family and found them safe hiding. This film was about the Rwandan genocide which happened in 1994. This genocide arose from the conflict between the Tutsis and Hutus. Since the colonial times, there had been focus between the Hutu who happened to be the majority in the country and the Tutsis wh o were the minority. Belgians were the colonial masters who brought about the problem by empowering the minority Tutsis making them the elites of the country.As a result of this, the Hutus continued to be seen as second class citizens in a country where they were the majority in terms of population. The social anatomical structure which had been fairly dynamic was divided into two competing and fighting ethnic groups this resulted in a full blown genocide in Rwanda in April 1994 which saw more than 800,000 people die within a short time most of them being hacked to death (Marko-Stockl, 2004). The movie was very alarming and terrifying seeing how legitimate communities in a country would fight amongst each other. The most frightening reality was that 800,000 people were killed in just around three (3) months. I in person feel that such events like these would sometimes be influenced by so many factors and circumstances. The reason would largely point out to the historical occurrenc es that happened in the country especially the influence of the colonial power that took control of the country. The movie was interesting and depicted an inspiring story of love for ones family and ones country. It showed that in times of great peril, there were still those who would be courageous enough to stand up, lead and protect those that he could.The movie should be something that would permit those in power and those who could do something in times of events like genocide or other heinous and disturbing events to reach out and help. Imagine that people and organizations would discuss in meetings and conferences whether or not to help a country while thousands and thousands of people were dying. I believe that Hotel Rwanda should be seen not just as a mere movie, but a warning and an eye-opener to truths and realities present in the world that would be ignored and set aside. This movie would be a beacon that would stand against apathy and indifference present in the world, in the leaders and in the attitudes of so many people.Work CitedEdith Marko-Stckl. The Making of Ethnic Insecurity A Case Study of the Krajina Serbs. (2004)

Business Entities Essay

As the manager of Acme Fireworks, I need to gather information to help the proprietor determine whether or non he should report to be a sole proprietorship or if he should switch to another condescension entity. I will help him do so by explaining each entity and how they relate to his business situation. I am the manager of Acme Fireworks, a fireworks retailer who sells fireworks, puts on ground give away fireworks, and large aerial display fireworks. The company started in the possessors garage two years ago and now has 15 employees that you manage. The company started as a sole proprietorship, and the owner has never changed the entity. The owner has informed me that the company has received inquiries from several large businesses wondering if the company could create several fireworks displays on a regular basis.The owner told the inquirers that the company could fill such display orders, and a price per display was agreed upon. It was discussed that most of the cost for a f ireworks display is for skilled labor, insurance, and the actual portion of setting off the fireworks. No other details were discussed. The owner is anticipating that new employees will need to be hired, tho he is worried that if the large orders for fireworks displays do not continue, the company will not have the funds to pay the new employees. The owner is now considering changing the business entity, solely he does not know what entity to form or how to form it.The owner has asked me to do the followingDetermine if the set abouts with the businesses will be governed by common law or the kindred Commercial regulation (UCC), and explain why. Analyze whether the owner formed a centralize with the businesses, and apply the five essential elements of an enforceable generate. Explain the potential mortalal liability to Acme Fireworks if a witness is injured by a stray fireworkfrom a fireworks display. Discuss the different employment types and relationships relevant to self- assurance law, and essay the advantages and disadvantages of each type specific to Acme Fireworks. Explain why Acme Fireworks should not operate as a sole proprietorship. Recommend a new business entity, and provide rationale to support your recommendation. To address the first concern the owners contract should be Uniform Commercial compute (UCC) rather than Common law due to the following grows law principles in general are uniformly understood and applied across the United States. Contract law is governed by the common law and the Uniform Commercial formula (UCC Contracts vs Common Law Contracts, 2014).Common Law would lead to rejections if any changes were do to the contract (quantities, counter offers, etc.). Its terms include quantity, price, performance time, nature of work and identity of offer. Common Law does not allow revoking of the option contracts (UCC vs Common Law, 2014). Common Law is primarily used in real e raise and the law is made by the decisions of judg es in individual cases (Rogers, 2012). In Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) minor changes do not have any impact and the original contract does not get canceled. The quantity is the main focus of the term in UCC. Offers made by a firm are irrevocable if the deal is made in writing in UCC (UCC vs Common Law, 2014). Uniform Commercial Code is a statutory law for certain types of commercial transactions, including sales of goods, which has been adopted by all 50 states.Many of its rules are similar to Common Law, but it contains important differences (Rogers, 2012). After reviewing both types of contracts I would advise the owner of Acme Fireworks to enter into a Uniform Commercial Code contract rather than a Common Law contract because it is a better type of contract for commercial needs. The next thing I am supposed to do is to analyze whether the owner formed a contract with the businesses, and to apply the five essential elements of an enforceable contract. A contract is a legally enfo rceable agreement.A contract comes into existence from the voluntary assent of two or more individuals to enter into a legally binding agreement. Mutual accord is crucial to the formation of a contract. One party, referred to as the offeror, makes an offer a business proposition- to another the other, known as the offeree, accepts. Provided that the other three requirements are present (consideration, capacity, and legality), a valid contract is formed. (Rogers, 2012) Thefive elements of a contract are as follows1. Offer2. Acceptance3. Consideration4. Legality5. CapacityAccording to the owner of Acme Fireworks, an offer was made and accepted, they discussed price and display orders, labor and insurance, and they were all of sound mind. Whether or not the owner of Acme Fireworks realizes it or not, he has entered into an enforceable contract.The next thing I will get into is the personal liability aspect. At this moment in time Acme Fireworks is a sole proprietorship this means that if a spectator is injured by a stay firework from a firework display the owner is fully responsible. In other words, his personal assets are not protected and could be sold to pay for the injuries that occurred. There are several different types of business entities that would better protect the owners assets if something like this would occur. A sole proprietorship is the simplest form under which one can operate a business (The Basics of Sole Propreitorships, 2014). It is not a legal entity and the person that owns the business is personally responsible for its debts.A partnership has at least two partners. In a general partnership, both parties would be equally probable for the businesses debts. In a limited partnership one partner would be the liable party and the others would just lose their investments. A particular Liability green goddess (LLC) is sort of the middle ground. In an LLC the business is responsible for its own debts and the people that make up the LLC are not. (LLC Basics, 2014) This means that all of the businesses assets can be liquidated, but the owners personal assets cannot.A Corporations liability is equal to that of an LLC, but it is normally very large businesses that are interested in marketing that run corporations. It is for people who requirement their business or idea to go public. A corporation is the most common form of business organization, and one which is chartered by a state and given many legal rights as an entity separate from its owners (Investor Words, 2014). A Corporation is the most expensive form of business entity.According to all of the data that I have gathered about this business, I believe, as the manager of Acme Fireworks that it is best to change the business from a sole proprietorship to a Limited Liability Corporation (LLC). I think that this is the best way to go because the product that we are selling does have some potential danger and individual could get injured. As of right now if someone was t o get injured then the owner of Acme Fireworks would be held responsible. If the owner was to switch to an LLC then the business would be liable and the owner would not.ReferencesInvestor Words. (2014, 12 1). Retrieved from What is Corporation http//www.investorwords.com/1140/corporation.html LLC Basics. (2014, 12 1). Retrieved from Nolo http//www.nolo.com/legaencyclopedia/llc-basics-30163.html Rogers, Suzy. (2012). Essentials of Business Law. San Diego Bridgepoint Education Inc. The Basics of Sole Propreitorships. (2014, 12 1). Retrieved from Entrepreneur http//www.entrepreneur.com/article/77798 UCC Contracts vs Common Law Contracts. (2014, 12 1). Retrieved from The Presser Law Firm http//www.assetprotectionattorneys.com/legal_business_counsel UCC vs Common Law. (2014, 12 1). Retrieved from Differences Between UCC and Common Law http//www.differencebetween.net/miscellaneous/politics/

Importance of Managing and Adopting Collaboration and Partnership in the Tourism Industry Essay

1. generalization This report concentrees on the importance of adopting and managing collaboration and partnership in the tourism industry in the mordant Country region. The purpose of this report is to identify problems that the region is facing and find gist and ways of achieving sustainable tourism that meets the needs of present tourists and the needs of the region while protecting and enhancing opportunities for the future.Also in this report, conditions in the visitor attractions sector in this region be discussed including the advantages and disadvantages of collaborative and partnership approach. It sight be state collaboration and partnership seeks to achieve sustainable tourism by means of conservation and ripening. Reoceanrch findings are presented to the Board of Directors, in order to show the importance of adopting and managing collaboration and partnership in the region.The outcome of the look into showed that most stakeholders were in favour of collaboratio n and partnership as it offers solutions to problems and ch tout ensembleenges experienced by tourist attractions and which they notify non trade wind with in isolation. Collaboration has many different forms, it can be by means of tourism intend and policy making participation processes informal meetings between politicians and the industry through debates and round table discussions by spreading information in the media by advisory committees and coordination bodies and/or, via what are called public-private partnerships (PPP) (Ansell& Gash, 2008 Rhodes, 1997).2. Introduction Black Country is a tourist destination based on quality and sustainable experiences. In this current economic mood there is need to adopt collaboration and partnership to increase and maintain its sustainability. Collaboration is defined as what occurs when a group of autonomous stakeholders of a problem domain engage in an interactive process, exploitation portion outd rules, norms and structures to act or decide on issues related to the domain (Jamal & Getz, 1998 188)The role of the Partnership is to plant up the quality of the visitor experience, to improve the viability, sustainability and performance of tourism enterprises and to develop, promote and champion tourist attractions in as signboard markets. http//www.exmoortourismpartnership.org.uk/ To service us identify suitable stakeholders who have bid interests, we carried out a survey that defined some of the issues and impacts affecting our destinations and the solutions operational, the research findings are, climate change, loss of habitat areas because of culture and pollution, degeneration in biodiversity of species and ecosystems, change magnitude dependency of a host communitys economy on tourism, increased gas prices, cast away inheritance sites, transportation are the main problems that the region is facing and these problems were a pointer to stakeholders who have like interests with the Black Country Tour ist Authority.These stakeholders include guests and corporate clients, hotel owners, topical anesthetic communities, employees, suppliers, academic institutions, topical anaesthetic anesthetic authorities, the historical club, scientific agencies and institutions, the local bus/coach companies, this is consistent with WTO 2004 which states that Alongside a strong leadership, the informed participation of all relevant stakeholders from the local to the central levels are components of the cordial dimension of sustainable tourism. Mutual participation can provide cost effective solutions by pooling resources (Bram comfortably and Lane 1999 Bramwell and Sharman 1999 Healey 1997.The process has the potential to allow organizations to pool their acquaintance, share expertise, capital and other resources (Bramwell and Lane 2000). This increases the tourism sustainability in turn sustainability pull up stakes swear out tourism in contributing to economic development as well as impr ove employees and their families, the local community and society at large. Communication between us is always through national surveys, informative programs and educational resources. These stakeholders would assist our tourist attractions in the following ways,3. Issues affecting tourist attractions3.1. Biodiversity Conservation Biodiversity is the variability of all species on landed estate ranging from plants, land and sea organisms and micro-organisms. National parks and other protected areas are seen as important areas for the conservation of biological diversity however the region is faced with biodiversity terrors which are explained below3.2 PollutionLand, air and sea pollution caused by human events brings about quite a number of environmental hazards and is a threat to biodiversity and the ecosystem. A major concern has been of the Black Country canals, people enjoy using canals for recreation. There is a danger of contamination of canal water by agricultural runoff, wa ste treatment plants and improper presidency of industrial waste. This type of pollution can cause long-term health problems for people as well as killing wildlife from exposure. Also of concern is pack, it has been noned that people throw materials that do not get out down easily in the environment, as a result, destroys the beauty of parks ,making tourists avoid these areas.Street litter whitethorn wash into drains and end up in the ocean this can kill wildlife by web or ingestion. Soil contamination is another form of pollution in the Black region which may destroy our tourist attractions, this type of contamination can be caused by spillages of hazardous substance or when as chemicals or waste from an industrial smokestack. This can kill animals if they ingest plants which grow in much(prenominal) soil or if they inhale particles from contaminated soil. To solve this we need to collaborate with environment protection agencies such that they provide presentations of visual material, with the aim of communicating the importance of conserving tourist attractions.3.3. Climate changeThe rise or decrease in temperature could be a threat to wildlife and the environment and the wildlife are likely to experience changes in the location and extend of areas across the region where the climate will meet their requirements and wild life will suffer due to altered vegetation patterns, and reduced water availability in the region. thereof the getable solutions showed that there is need for us to collaborate with scientific organizations and institutions to meet the specific needs of attention as it meets the challenges of climate change and in turn we are able to provide the best suitable conditions for wildlife. The solutions available include presentation of climate friendly parks piddleshops.These can be delivered in partnership with the environmental protection agency. Also people should reduce the emission of greenhouse gasses by using alternative force sources such as solar, wind energy, fuel cells, electric and hybrid forms transportation. Educating rangers such that they will pass on current information to visitors. http//www.nature.nps.gov/climatechange/ However, the United Nations Convention Framework for Climate Change encourages stakeholders to adapt to the climate change. This means that stakeholders need to implement changes in processes, practices, and structures to moderate potential damages or to benefit from opportunities associated with climate change. http//unfccc.int/focus/adaptation/items/6999.php3.4 .AccommodationThe findings of the research has shown that tourists struggle with accommodation due to the high fares, therefore large numbers of visitors chose not to stay for more than a days visit or some would choose not to visit the tourist attractions. However to make it easier for tourists and to make sure the attractions realise maximum profits, an agreement has been reached with the local accommodation provider s and tourist attractions to offer joint-ticketing for tourists, where visitors can purchase an all-inclusive holiday and accommodation is offered at a discount. However accommodation providers may offer a limited number of rooms or assign limited days per ticket as a way of gaining quick turnover and this could be a disadvantage as tourists might end up reducing their time spent at attractions and in turn affects visitor satisfaction and reduce the potential for attractions to earn much needed secondary spend.3.5. fosterage and TrainingThe authority will take part in hospitality industry sustainability round-table events hosted by Wolverhampton University enlighten of Hotel Administration, which focused on The Role of the Sustainability Department in Hotel Companies, The Impact of Emerging Codes, Laws and Regulations, Guest Engagement and CSR (corporate social responsibility) and Carbon.As staff are the main factor in the success of the visitor experience, the Black country tour ist authority aims to maintain control over recruitment and training the skills base of the people who work within the tourism industry as they play a crucial part in the node perception of the region, therefore partnership with appropriate training and skills organisations and education establishments will enable the customer emolument skills to be heightened. Examples of these institutions that we are in partnership with include Universities and Colleges. The aim is to increase visitor satisfaction whilst providing participation opportunities and a career path for the regions workforce and encourage investment into the Tourism Industry. local anaesthetic communities Policies, implementation and enforcement of plans and regulations resulting from collaboration may be more accepted by individuals and organizations who were involved in creating them (Medeiros de Araujo & Bramwell 2002). Including local communities in the survey will enable communities throughout the region to reco gnise the value that tourism plays, financially into the regions economy and in the support of the infrastructure within communities, an casing can be where shops stay open throughout the year due to the tourism spend or the employment opportunities for the local workforce.It is therefore important for communities to understand the benefits achieved by a community through tourism activities. Furthermore, it makes use of local knowledge to make sure that decisions are well-informed and appropriate. This adds value by building on the retentiveness of knowledge, insights, and capabilities of stakeholders (Bramwell and Lane 2011 Gray 1989) and gives a voice to those who are most affected by tourism. Local knowledge helps in scenario analysis, data collection, management planning, designing of the adaptive strategies to learn and get feedback, and institutional support to put policies in to practice (Getz et al., 1999). This increases the business sustainability in turn, sustainability will assists the business in contributing to economic development as well as improve employees and their families, the local community and society at large.3.6. Abandoned heritage sitesThere are quite a number of abandoned heritage sites in the Black Country. Therefore the Black Country Tourism Authority aims to get into Partnership with local authorities can help to assist in identifying tourist attractions such as heritage sites at risk and then sign post them to the appropriate grants and trusts for repairs and maintenance. The aim is to help improve the protection, conservation and management of heritage assets. Another example of heritage at risk includes Victorian buildings such as The Grand Hotel (Birmingham) it is one of the citys largest Victorian buildings and a local landmark. www.english-heritage.org.uk 03/04/134. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said, bankers acceptance and managing of collaboration and partnership is the key success of English tourism in this regio n, its success lies in the intemperate work of all stakeholders, availability of funds to ensure high standards, security and marketing, most importantly, the good management from managers of individual tourist attractions which is revealed by professional conduct of workers at an attraction.5. RecommendationsThe process of achieving successful collaboration and partnership involves generating income for tourist attractions and management as well as involving stakeholders in decision making concerning tourism development and heritage conservation, therefore, revenue capture scheme should be set up and the revenue generated would go towards biodiversity conservation and management. The government should offer investment incentive for entrepreneurs or financial support such that businesses with like interests can be set up and essential services such as water suppliers can exsert to supply clean water. Attractions should have a strategy for recruiting, educating, or training people for the tourism industry.

Consumer Behavior Study Notes

MKTG 4150 STUDY NOTES Chapter 1 An door to piddler Behaviour What is Consumer Behaviour? Consumer Behaviour the study of the extremityes involved when individuals or classs select, obtain, routine, or dispose of carrefours, services, ideas, or experiences to replete needs and zests. Consumer behaviour is a shape Buyer behaviour the int periodction amongst consumers and producers at the judgment of conviction of purchase. * Ex metamorphose ( cardinal or to a greater extent than organizations or good deal give and receive something of value) is an integral part of trade Consumer behaviour involves numerous contrasting actors Purchaser and the somebodyar of a intersection may not ineluctably be the equivalent soul * Anformer(a) person potful also act as an influencer when providing recomm determinationations for or a netst certain products without actually buying or using them Segmenting Consumers Market Segmentation process of identifying ag bases of consumers who be identical to one an opposite in one or more ways and devising marketing strategies that charm to one or more groups Demographics statistics that measure observable aspects of a population (i. e. birth rate, hop on distri entirelyion, income, etc. * Changes and trends revealed in demographic studies argon of great fol depressive disordering to marketers since it jakes be used to locate and bespeak the sizes of markets * Markets can ordinarily be segmented by age, gender, family structure, mixer class and income, ethnicity, geography, and bread and butterstyles Chapter 2 Perception pic Exposure the microscope spirit level to which people hear a excitant that is within range of their sensory receptors afferent Thresh grizzlys Psychophysics the science that focuses on how the physical environment is integrated into our personal, subjective argonna The absolute thresholdAbsolute threshold the lower limit descend of stimulation that can be detected on a sensory channel The derived function threshold Differential threshold the ability of a sensory schema to detect compounds in a stimulus or differences amidst the two stimuli Just obtrusive difference (JND) the minimum change in a stimulus that can be detected * The ability to detect a difference in the midst of two stimuli is the relative difference between the decibel adopt of the means and its surroundings Webers Law The stronger the initial stimulus, the greater its change must be for it to be noticed K= ? II whereK = the constant incr rest or decrease necessary for the stimulus to be noticed (this varies crossways the senses) ?I = the minimal change in intensity of the stimulus leadd to be just noticeable to the person (JND) I = the intensity of the stimulus before the change occurs * Retailers generally use a markdown shape of at least 20% to make an impact on shoppers Subliminal Perception * An another(prenominal)(prenominal) sensitives program for threshold is limen an d stimuli that fall below the limen atomic number 18 called subliminal Subliminal perception occurs when the stimulus is below the level of the consumers aw areness Subliminal techniquesEmbeds tiny figures that are inserted into magazine advertising by using superior speed photography or airbrushing (supposedly exert strong just unconscious influences on innocent readers) Does subliminal perception pre run for? Evaluating the endorse Factors wherefore subliminal messages do not work 1. There are wide individual differences in threshold levels. For a subliminal message to come across all individuals, it must be able to target ALL thresholds (which is impossible) 2. Advertisers cannot conquer the consumers position and keep from the screen (not e very(prenominal)one exit have the identical amount of exposure) 3.Consumers must pay absolute guardianship to the stimulus (not everyone does, most people are distracted) 4. Even if there is an effect, it only operates on a genera l level (cant get a specific message out) Attention Attention the finis in which the principals processing activity is devoted to a particular stimulus Multitask the ability to process acquisition from more than one medium at a time Perceptual sensitivity process in which people attend to only a lessened portion of the stimuli to which they are exposed Personal woof factorsPerceptual vigilance consumers are more plausibly to be witting of stimuli that relate to their current needs (i. e. if you are hungry you will notice more forage signs) Perceptual defence people see what they call for to see and dont see what they dont pauperization to see. If a stimulus is saturnine to us in some way, we may not process it or we may distort its convey so that it is more acceptable (i. e. smokers ignoring the warning on the cigarette package) Adaptation the degree to which consumers continue to notice a stimulus over time (the more exposed to are, the less sensitive you are to it)Fa ctors direct to adaptation * Intensity (less intense stimuli apply because they have less of a sensory impact) * Duration (stimuli that require lengthy exposure to be processed tend to utilise because they require a long attention span) * Discrimination (simple stimuli tend to habituate because they do not require attention to detail) * Exposure (frequently encountered stimuli tend to habituate as the rate of exposure increases) * Relevance (stimuli that are ir applicable or unimportant will habituate because they fail to attract attention)Stimulus selection factors Factors that allow stimuli to be noticed * Size * Colour * Position * variation (stimuli that appear in un gestateed ways or tramps tend to grab attention) Chapter 3 Learning & store Learning relatively permanent change in behavior that is caused by experience. Incidental larn unwilling acquisition of knowledge. Behavioural Learning Theories Behavioral Learning Theories assume describeing takes place because of responses to external events. unsullied Conditioning uncorruptedal conditioning when a stimulus that elicits a response is paired with another stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own. Over time this 2nd stimulus (UCS) causes a mistakable response because it is associated with the first stimulus (CS). Unconditional stimulus (UCS) a stimulus naturally capable of make a response (i. e. flavouring) Conditioned stimulus (CS) a stimulus that causes a response because of a lettered association (i. e. bell) Conditioned response (CR) a unfermented or modified response elicited by a stimulus after(prenominal) conditioning (i. . drool) Repetition * Repeated exposures increase the strength of stimulus-response associations and prevent the moulder of these associations in shop * Most effective repetition strategy seems to be a combination of separated exposures that alternate in terms of media that are more or less involving * Lack of association can be due to ex tinction (when the effects of a prior conditioning are quaild and in the long run disappear) Advertising wearout repeated connatural advertisements will lead to consumers tuning outStimulus generalization Stimulus Generalization address of stimuli correspondent to CS to evoke similar conditioned responses Masked branding strategy used to intentionally hide a products true gillyflower Applications * Family branding (capitalize on the repetition of a company name) * Product discover extensions (related products are added to an established brand) * Licensing (well- cognize names are rented by others) * Look-alike encase (distinctive packaging designs create strong associations with a particular brand)Stimulus discrimination Stimulus Discrimination stimulus similar to CS is not followed by a UCS - causes weakened reactions Instrumental Conditioning Instrumental Conditioning known as operant conditioning, individual learns to perform behaviors that produce unequivocal solutio ns and avoids negative ones. There are 4 eccentrics positive/negative advantage, penalizement, extinction Shaping process of rewarding intermediate actions (i. e. customers are rewarded with discounts in hopes of them glide path for a second visit) 1.Positive Rein jabment rewarding, response is streng accordinglyed and appropriate behavior learned. RECEIVES A REACTION afterward DOING SOMETHING, SIMILAR TO PUNISHMENT. (i. e. getting a cookie for every A+) 2. Negative Reinformationrcement the avoidance of a negative outcome by doing said behavior, NOTHING IS RECEIVED AFTER DOING SOMETHING. This is dissimilar from punishment, which doesnt use avoidance to learn. (i. e. getting compliments from wearing niminy-piminy perfume) 3. Punishment a response is followed by bitter events. RECEIVES AN UNPLEASANT REACTION. (i. e. lap on the hand for eating without utensils) 4. Extinction removal of positive event weakens responses, which are no longer followed by positive outcome. Consumers learn that responses no longer produce positive outcome. (i. e. muliebrity no longer receives compliments on her perfume) Key for marketers is determining the most effective reinforcement scroll (amount of effort and resources they must devote to rewarding consumers to condition craved behaviours) * Fixed-Interval Reinforcement A reward is make after a specified time period has elapsed. i. e. mouse hitting a push button for food that will only come in intervals of 2 minutes, theyll arrive at that and only begin to hit the button as every 2 min. mark looms but will not do anything right after that mark has passed. textbook uses an example of holiday sales season * Variable-Interval Reinforcement Time before reinforcement varies well-nigh some average but not specified. i. e. mystery store check ups by management, induces rung to always maintain a steep-level of service as opposed to only when check up periods loom * Fixed-ratio Reinforcement Reinforcement occurs after a fixed of responses. . e. royalty programs, getting a calculate for hitting a button 10x * Variable-ratio Reinforcement Reinforcement occurs after a certain number of responses, but he/she does not know how many are required. Produces very high and steady rates, behavior is very difficult to distinguish. i. e. slot machines, you know youll win eventually, just dont know exactly how many tries Frequency Marketing reinforces behavior of regular purchasers by giving prizes in line with amount purchased. i. e. royalty programs, frequent flyer programs. is building a database for refining product mixes, marketing strategies, tailoring communications makes computer storage programs more effective, product launches/redesigns more successful, blunders prevented. cognitive Learning Theory Cognitive Learning Theory in congenial behavioral theories of learning, this focuses more on internal mental processes, i. e. creativity and insight. Views people as problem solvers and we actively use info to repress the environment. Is Learning Conscious or not? Mindlessness the ability to process tuition in an automatic/passive manner * Argument as to whether or not learning is conscious.There are arguments that some people do things mindlessly and rely on their adaptive unconsciousness experimental Learning Observational Learning occurs when people watch the actions of others and note the reinforcements they receive for their behaviors learning vicariously sooner than directly AKA Modeling Lesson marketers can show consumer a lesson + reinforcement without having to directly reward/punish the consumer to influence behavior The Role of Memory in Learning Memory process of acquiring information and storing it over time for future availability The way info is encoded is important, if data can be associated with other info in memory already, bump chance of brisk data being retained sensory Meaning a stimulus may be interpreted in terms of the senses it evokes, such(prenominal) as colour or shape Semantic Meaning symbolic associations, i. e. rich people drink champagne Episodic memories memories that relate to events that are personally relevant. + motivation to retain these memories Flashbulb Memories memories that are triggered by a stimulus, i. e. (wedding) song that reminds them of their wedding Memory Systems 3 Types of Memory Systems 1. Sensory Memory permits storage of info genuine from our senses very temporary, i. e. the smell of a bakery when we walk by. If info warrants further investigation, it passes through the attentional penetration and xferred to STM. a. Capacity High b. Duration 1 second (vision), few seconds (hearing) 2. Short-Term Memory/working memory stores info for limited time, capacity is limited. Holds info that we are currently processing c.Capacity Limited d. Duration 20 seconds e. Chunking combining small pieces into macror pieces to store info 3. Long-Term Memory a musical arrangement that allows for long-term retaini ng of info f. Requires elaborative rehearsal thinking about meaning of stimulus and relating to other information in memory Storing Information in Memory Activation Models of Memory depending on nature of processing task, different levels of processing occur that activate some aspects of memory rather than others, +effort, + plausibly of LTM storage associable networksAssociative Network/Knowledge Structures a spiderweb of amours containing info for a suffice of c at a timepts (brands, stores, manufacturers), a storage unit of measurement * Info are placed into nodes, connected by associative links. Pieces of info seen similarly are chunked in some slip form Hierarchical Processing Model info is processed bottom-up, begins rudimentary then increases to complex processing, if it fails to evoke further processing, info is terminated and capacity allocated elsewhere Evoked Set a list of recallable information pertaining to a questioned stratum (i. . perfume). Implication positio n itself in the right categories by providing cues (luxury for ex. ) ventilation activation Spreading Activation as one node is activated, associated nodes are as well through links. = recalling competition/relevant attributes of brand, such as * brand-specific claims of brand * ad-specific claims of ad * brand identification * product category how product works, where to be used, experiences with it * evaluative reactions that looks like fun Levels of knowledgeLevels of Knowledge Meaning Concepts Proposition Schema helping hand (schema) sequence of procedures expected from an individual Factors influencing forgetting Interference stimulus-response associations will be forgotten if Retroactive learning new responses to same/similar stimuli Proactive prevent new learning as a result of proterozoic(prenominal) learning Chapter 4 Motivation and Values The Motivational Process Motivation processes that cause behavior, occurs when need is stirred up and consumer wants to satis fy it Utilitarian desire to procure some working(a)/practical benefit. i. e. cquiring a pair of stable rail shoes Hedonic experiential need involving emotional responses/fantasies. i. e. a special pair of running shoes for triathlon Goal the desired end invoke Drive the difference between a consumers nonplus and desired state creates tension. The magnitude of this tension determines the urgency of the consumer to reduce this tension. That degree of arousal is drive loss a manifestation of a need (basic needs such as hunger) particular form of uptake to satisfy a need (such as eating hamburgers or hotdogs or chicken wings or caviar to satisfy hunger) Motivational Strength degree to which a person is willing to expend force to reach a goal as opposed to another reflects his/her underlying motivation to attain that goal Drive Theory Drive Theory biological needs that produce unpleasant states of arousal (stomach growling). We are motivated to reduce tension * marketing tension = unpleasant state desired state . achieve balance = homeostasis Expectancy Theory Expectancy Theory behavior is largely pulled by expectations of achieving desirable outcomes, positive incentives. It is a cognitive theory rather than biological Types of Needs think Maslows hierarchy of needs biogenic elements necessary to maintain life (water, air, shelter) Psychogenic ethnically related, as belonging to groups, having placement, indicant, affiliation Motivational Conflicts valency a goal can be either positive or negative Approach-approach conflict * picking between two desirable alternatives i. e. go home for holidays to see family or ski with friends Theory of Cognitive Dissonance when picking between two products and one is selected, inherently youll lose on the benefits of the other and gain the negatives of the one elect. lot will start to rationalize their purchase, as a marketer, you can aid this conflict by bundling several benefits in your communications to help Appr oach-avoidance conflict * desire a goal but wish to avoid it as well i. e. want a goose to look cool, dont want to be labeled Canada douche, bag of chips * marketing implication overcome guilt by convincing luxury is outlay it, remove the negative aspects (fake fur) Avoidance-avoidance conflict * choice between two undesirable alternatives i. e. throw + money at old car vs. buying a new one marketing implication help them realize the unforeseen options of one option Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Consumer Involvement Involvement a persons perceived relevance of the reject based on their inherent needs, value and interests. object = brand, product, advertisement or purchase situation Level of Involvement * can range from simple processing to elaboration (info is related to pre- lively knowledge systems) * a continuum * low end = inertia (decisions = habit because consumer lacks motivation to consider alt) * high end will find passionate intensity for people objects that carry great me aning Flow state when consumers are truly involved with a product, ad, or website Characterized by * sense of playfulness * feeling of control * concentration/highly focused attention * mental have it awayment of activity for its own sake * ill-shapen sense of time * match between challenge at hand and ones skills * Another view is the type of involvement cognitive or affective (rational/emotional) Cult products Cult Products commands fierce loyalty, devotion and worship by consumers who are highly involved with brand i. e. Apple fanboys The Many Faces of InvolvementProduct involvement Product Involvement a consumers level of interest in a particular product. It can increase by having consumers involved in designing/personalizing. Mass customization customization on mass outturn prices i. e. t-shirts, Dell computers Message-response involvement Message-Response Involvement level of interest within a medium of communication i. e. tv = low, print ad = higher (can pause and reflect) tactical manoeuvre spectacles or performances, where message is also entertainment Marketing performances turn public places into advertising stages, such as flash mobs. x. Sony BMG engage a group of passengers to burst into Thriller dance to promote MJs 25th anniversary of Thriller album Interactive mobile marketing participation in real-time promotional campaigns through cadre phones Purchase situation involvement Purchase Situation Involvement differences that may occur when buying the same object in different contexts i. e. when provideing to impress someone you may buy a nice brand to reflect good taste, but if buying for your hated cousin, you may buy something shit because you dont wish well ValuesValues a belief that some condition is preferable to its opposite. a function of individual, societal and ethnical forces means Values Value System a market-gardenings ranking of universal values, such as health, wisdom, or solid ground peace Socialization Agents institut ions/people that teach us beliefs, like parents, teachers or friends Enculturation process of learning beliefs and behaviors endorsed by ones own finish Acculturation learning of anothers polish How Values Link to Consumer Behaviour * heathenish values (i. e. security or happiness) * use-specific values (i. . convenient shopping or prompt service) * Product-specfic values (i. e. ease of use or durability) Hofstedes cultural dimensions Hofstedes heathenish Dimensions s perfumes a country based on its stand up of 5 dimensions so users can compare/contrast values * Power distance extent of expectations and acceptance of unequal power distribution by less powerful members of organizations/institutions (like a family) * individualism degree to which an individuals are integrated into groups * masculinity distribution of roles between genders uncertainty avoidance night clubs tolerance with uncertainty & am graviduity * long-term orientation values of long term = thrift/perse verance short term = tradition, fulfilling amicable obligations, protecting ones face The Rokeach value survey Rokeach Value Suvery set of terminal values (end states) and instrumental values (actions required to achieve terminal values) i. e. Americans love for freedom (freedom to bear arms, extraction, etc. due in large to history of wars for freedom, Canadians love equality The list of values (LOV) scale List of Values (LOV) Scale developed to isolate values w/ more direct-marketing applications. Identifies nine consumer segments based on values The means-end chain model Means-End Chain Model products are valued as a means to an end (they have lineation value beyond its bare product state) Laddering consumers climb a ladder of abstraction that connects usable product attributes to desired end states i. . diamond ring for wedding = size of paycheque = size of love = size of self-worth Means-End conceptuality of the Components of Advertising Strategy (MECCAS) 1st map relation ship of product to terminal values, then employ * message elements specific attributes/features to be depicted * consumer benefits + consequences of usage of product * executional framework overall style/tone of ad leverage omen the way message will link terminal value with features * driving force end value upon which advertising focuses on Syndicated Surveys Syndicated Surveys large-scale, syndicated surveys to track changes in values Voluntary Simplifiers believe once basic material needs are met, + income adds no value Conscientious consumerism a new core value? Conscientious Consumerism a value related directly to consumerism (ex. green) LOHAS lifestyles of health and sustainabilityThe carbon footprint and offsets degree centigrade footprint measures (in units of carbon dioxide) the impact human activities have on the environment in terms of the amount of greenhouse gases they produce Primary footprint measure of our direct emissions of CO2 from the burning of fossil di smisss supplemental footprint measure of the indirect emissions of CO2 from the whole life cycle of products we use naturalism richness of which people attach to worldly possessions Chapter 5 The SelfPerspectives on the Self Self-Concept Self-Concept beliefs a person holds about his attributes and they esteem these qualities Self-esteem Self-esteem the positivity of your attitude toward yourself Social Comparison a process where person evaluates themselves by comparing to others/media images a basic human motive * High Self Esteem = takes more risks, expect success, *accepted accessiblely, center of attention * Low = avoids risks, embarrassment, failures, or rejection Real & Ideal SelvesIdeal Self conception of how theyd want themselves to be Actual Self more realistic appraisal of qualities we do/dont have * Purchase products in line with our qualities and others to help us attain our ideal self scene Management a process of managing how others think of us Multiple Selves Ro le Identities different roles, such as husband, father, boss, student, etc. Virtual identity Virtual Identity fictional depictions in a real-time, interactive realistic world (WOW) Computer-Mediated Environments (CME) virtual role-playing worlds Symbolic interactionismSymbolic Interactionism relations with others play large part in forming the self * Who am I in this situation? And what do others think I am? * Pattern behavior on the perceived expectations, self-fulfilling prophecy * By acting the way we assume others expect us to act, we conform to those perceptions The sounding glass self Looking-Glass Self imagining the reactions of others towards us * Reflexive evaluation occurs when someone attempts to define the self rattling signals off others and trying to project the impression they have of us Self-knowingness High Self-Monitors are more likely to evaluate products in terms of public impressions Consumption and Self-Concept Products that Shape the Self You are What You C onsume Symbolic Self-Completion Theory predicts that people with incomplete self-definition tend to complete this identity by acquiring and displaying symbols associated with it (i. e. jejune boys purchase macho products to complete their masculinity) * Prisons remove personal objects to reduce personal identity and create group identity * Burglary victims feel alienation, depression, or feeling violatedSelf/Product Congruence Self-Image Congruence Models predicts that products will be chosen if their attributes match some aspect of the self * Ideal self more relevant for highly expressive social products like perfume * Actual self more relevant for everyday, functional products The Extended Self The Extended Self Props or settings (external objects) considered to be a part of us i. e. my computer is an extension of myself, it represents me 4 levels of the extended self Individual Level Personal possessions, such as jewelry, cars, clothing * Family Level A consumers residence and f urnishings. House = symbolic body of family * Community Level neighborhood or town of wrinkle * Group Level Attachment to social groups, such as landmarks, monuments, sports teams hinge uponual activity Roles Gender Differences in Socialization Agentic Goals stresses self-assertion and mastery pertains mostly to males Communal Goals affiliation and fostering of harmonical relationships females * Every society creates a set of expectations of behaviour for men/women.Stliberal arts early with stories * Biological gender =/= sex typed traits, characteristics stereotypically associated with a gender * Masculinity and femininity are NOT biological characteristics culturally determined Sex-Typed Products products that take on mascu/feminine attributes Androgyny mascu/femininity are not opposites (duality) can possess both at the same time * like Korean doods * *guys typically influenced by overall theme of message, girls = specific pieces of info Chapter 6 Personality and Lifestyles Personality Personality persons unique psychological makeup + how it consistently influences responses to environmentFreudian Systems Freudian Systems consists of 3 systems Id entirely oriented toward immediate blessedness party animal * Pleasure Principle behaviour = desire to max pleasure and avoid pain Superego counterweight to id. The conscience, internalizes societal norms and prevents id from seeking selfish gratification Ego system that mediates id and superego * Finds ways to gratify id that is socially acceptable (reality principle) unconscious * Marketing Implication consumers cannot enounce us motivation as it may be unconscious * Product represents socially unacceptable, true id goal.By purchasing, go vicariously through it Trait Theory Trait Theory identifiable characteristics that define a person * consumption differences between idiocentrics (individualist) vs. allocentrics (collective) * Contentment idios are more satisfied with the way their life is * Health Co nsciousness Allos avoid poor food choices * Food Preparation Allos spend more time preparing meals * Workacholics Idios more likely to say they work harder and stay later for work * Travel and Entertainment idios interested in other burnishs, travelling, movies, libraries Problems with trait theory in consumer research Scales for measurement are not valid/reliable * Tests are developed for specific populations then adopted to general population ultimately how individual decisions add up to societys well-being * Consumer Confidence optimism/pessimism of economic future Social Class * Standing in society * Pecking Order social hierarchy determines in ranking, the access to resources such as, education, housing, and consumer goods * People belonging in the same class share roughly the same occupations, lead similar lifestyles by virtue of income, tend to socialize and share many ideas and values regarding lifestyle. Homogamy tendency to marry someone of same social standing * Social Stratification process in which social system distributes scarce resources unequally amongst social classes in a relatively permanent manner * Reputation Economy currency people earn when they lay comments online and others recommend their comments * Ascribed Status vs Achieved Status those who were born with it vs. those who earned it Blurring Social Classes * increasingly harder to link brands/stores to specific class, i. e. low-cost luxuries, university kids who splurge on clothing (Burberry, etc. ) but eat KD * Mass Class those with purchasing power that allows for high quality goods, except for big ticket items such as cars, American colleges, luxury homes (Zara, H&M) Components of Social Class * Occupational Prestige worth derived from what they do for a living (i. e. white vs deplorable collar) * Income * Social Class better predictor of purchases with symbolic aspects and low-moderate price * Income better predictor of major expenditures with no symbolic meaning (major app liances)How Social Class affects purchase decisions * Attitudes towards luxury (consumers) * Functional buys things that will last/ suffer value. Conducts extensive research & logical decision making * Reward typically younger than first group and older than 3rd group. A way of saying Ive made it * Indulgence smallest group. owning luxury items is to be copious and self-indulgent to express individuality and make others take notice. ery emotional approach * Old Money old money families distinguish themselves NOT ON WEALTH, but on history of public service, philanthropy, and tangible markers (Ivey line of merchandise School) * Taste Cultures differentiates in terms of aesthetical and intellectual preferences * its like saying upper/upper- middle(a) likely to go to museums, middle like camping and fishing. Its like saying that youre less sophisticated * Codes ways consumers interpret and express meanings restricted codes focus on content of objects, not relationships amongst objec ts * elaborated more complex and depend on a more sophisticated worldview (p. 417) * Pierre Bourdieu concluded that taste is a status-marking force, or habitus * social capital organizational affiliations and networks (connections) * cultural capital set of distinctive and socially rare tastes and practices. basically the subtlety of the rich that allows them to stay within the upper echelon of society because they keep passing it downStatus Symbols * we purchase products not to enjoy them, but to let others know that we can afford them * isnt the same across all cultures. Bulky phones are more luxurious than slim sleek phones compared with the Western world. * invidious distinction to inspire envy in others through display of wealth/power (reason for consumption) * conspicuous consumption peoples desire to result prominent, visible evidence of their ability to afford luxury goods * parody consumption to seek status by mocking it and avoiding status symbols. i. e. frayed edges of denim clothing, wins with irreverent labels Chapter 14 Age Subcultures Subculture group whose members share beliefs and common experiences that set them unconnected from others Microculture a subset of subculture, which is based on lifestyle or aesthetic preference Age and Consumer Identity * era in which we grow up bonds us will millions of others from the same age * identity may produce stronger when the beliefs/goals of one age group conflict with another * Age age group group of consumers of same/ resemble age who have gone through similar exp. Marketers often target products to specific age cohort b/c possessions play key role in identity with others of a certain age and express priorities/needs of each life stage * Multigenerational Marketing Strategy use imagery that appeals 1 generation Chapter 15 Canadian Identity and Ethnic Subcultures Ethnic Subculture self-perpetuating group of consumers who share common cultural/genetic ties recognized by both its members and others as a distinct category High-Context Culture group members tend to be tightly knit, infer meanings that go beyond spoken word. x. symbols, gestures carry much more weight than spoken word (Koreans respecting elders) Low-Context culture more literal. like Caucasians as opposed to minorities De-ethnicitization occurs when detaches from roots (original ethnicity) and appeals to other subcultures Ethnicity as a moving target * neat harder to target distinct ethnic groups greater immigration and interracial marriage and cultural blending * Ethnic Stereotypes you know what it is. Negative feedback in recent use Level of Acculturation Acculturation process of movement and adaptation to a cultural environment from another * Movement factors that motivate people to uproot themselves physically from one to another place * Translation to master a set of rules for operating in a new environment (fashion, social meaning) * Adaptation process of forming new consumption patterns * assimilation a dopting new products, habits, and values identified with mainsteam culture * maintenance retaining practices associated with culture of origin * resistance resent pressure to sub immingle their cultural identities and take on new roles * Raymond Ngs five phases of trying on * Honeymoon immigrant marvels at wonders of new environment * Culture Shock reality of situation sets in * sciolistic Adjustment immigrant forays into new culture/manages day2day life * Stress and Depression immigrant disparages aspects of new life lack of high paying job opportunities, taxes, cold and wet weather. Intergenerational conflicts arise, often over career choices of kids * Integration immigrant moves through society with degree of ase comparable to that of native born * Progressive Learning Model assumes that people gradually learn new culture as they increasingly come in contact with it. Therefore, mix original culture with host culture Chapter 16 Cultural Influences on Consumer Behaviour UNDERSTAN DING CULTURE * culture abstract ideas and material objects/services making up a societys personality determines the overall priorities s/he attaches to different activities and products mandates the success/failure of specific products/services a product that provides benefits consistent with those desired by members of a culture at a particular time has a much better chance of attaining acceptance in the marketplace * aspects of culture ecology the way in which a system is adapted to its habitat this area is shaped by the technology used to obtain and distribute resources * social structure the way in which orderly social life is maintained includes dominant domestic and political groups * ideology mental characteristics of a people and the way in which they relate to their environment and social groups revolves around the belief that members of a society possess a common worldview and share ethos (a set of righteous principles and aesthetic principles) Culture is a concept to understand consumer behavior as societys personality. It includes Abstract ideas, Material objects and service. * Culture is the lens through which people view product. The relationship between consumer behavior and culture is two way street. Products relates to priorities of a culture being accepted more by consumer * Product, successfully produced by culture, provide a window onto the dominant cultural ideal of that period Culture system contains 3 functional areas 1. Ecology which a system adapted to its habitat. 2. Social structure the way which orderly social life is maintained. 3. Ideology the mental characters of a people relate to their environment and social groups. Different dimensions on culture 1. Power distance how much power 2. Uncertainly avoidance degree people feel be 3. Masculinity and femininity gender roles 4. Individualism individual vs groupNorms rules dictating what is right or wrong, acceptable or unacceptable * Enacted norms explicitly decided upo n * Crescive norms imbedded in a culture and discovered through interaction with other members of that culture * Custom norm handed down from the past that controls basic behavior, such as division of labour in a household, or practice of particular ceremonies * When to eat * More custom with strong moral overtone, often involves a taboo, or forbidden behavior, such as incest or cannibalism * What kind of food is permissible to eat * Convention norms regarding the conduct of everyday life, correct way to furnish house, wear clothes, host a dinner party * how to eat the food Myth and ritualsMyth is a story containing symbolic elements that express the divided emotions and ideals of a culture * Often features some kind of conflict between two opposing forces, outcome serves as a moral guide for people * Provides guidelines about their world Functions of myths * Metaphysical explain origin of existence * Cosmological emphasize all components of the universe are part of a single photograph * Sociological maintain social order by authorizing a social code to be followed by members of a culture * psychological provides models for personal conduct Monomyth common to many cultures Ritual is a set of multiple, symbolic behaviors that occur in a fixed sequence and tend to be repeated periodically Ritual Artifacts items used n the performance of rituals to consumers, ex. birthday candles, diamond rings Types of ritual * Grooming rituals purpose ranging from inspiring confidence before confronting the world to cleansing the body of dirt and other profane materials * empower giving rituals promotion of appropriate gifts for every conceivable holiday and occasion, terzetto stages * 1. During gestation, giver is motivated by an event to procure a gift * 2. Presentation or process of gift exchange * 3. Reformulation, bonds between the giver and receiver are adjust to reflect the new relationship that emerges * Re-gifting is unwanted * Holiday rituals Rites o f theodolite a special times marked by a change in social status, three phases * Separation detaches from original group or status, ex. leave home for school * Liminality person literally in between status, ex. arrival on campus tries to figure out what is happing in O week * Aggregation when person re-enters society after the rite of passage is complete, ex. returns home for summer vacation as university veteran spiritual and Profane Consumption Sacred Consumption involves objects and events that are set apart from normal activities and are treated with degree of respect awe Profane Consumption Involves consumer objects are ordinary, everyday things we do Domains of Sacred Consumption Scared places set apart by society because they have religious or mystical significant, or because commemorate some aspect of a countrys heritage * Home can be sacred place, represents a crucial distinction between the harsh, external world and consumers inner space * People idolized and set apart from the masses, ex. celebrities * Event world sports is sacred and almost assumes the status of religion, ex. Olympics * Souvenirs are big industry Desacralization occurs when a scared item or symbol is removed from its special place becoming profane as a result * Can be religion itself, the crosses are in mainstream fashion, Christmas is more materialistic Sacralisation When events, people take on scared meaning to a culture or a group within a culture, ex. Stanley cup, or collections Chapter 17 The Creation and Diffusion of CultureCultural Selection how the culture in which we live creates the meanings for everyday products and how these meanings move through a society to consumers * Linking back to Chapter 1, people buy things for what they mean, not what they do * Though it seems like we have so many choices, our options only represent a small portion * Selection of certain alternatives is the culmination of a complex filtration process resembling a funnel * Cultural s election many possibilities initially compete for adoption slowly winnowed down to make their way on the path from conception to consumption * Our tastes and product preferences not formed in a vacuum, * Choices are impelled by images presented in mass media, observations of those around us, our desire to live in a fantasy world created by marketers * Constantly evolving and changing what is hot one year may be out the following(a) * Characteristics of fashion and pop culture include * Styles often rooted in and reflect deeper societal trends, ex. olitics and social conditions * Styles usually go as an interplay between deliberate inventions of designers and businesspeople and the spontaneous actions of ordinary people, help fuel fire by encouraging mass distribution (those lodge what consumers want succeed) * Trends can travel widely, often between countries and continents * Influential people in the media play a large role in deciding which trends succeed * Style begins as a risky or unique statement by a relatively small group of people spread to others increase aware of the style feel convinced(p) about trying it * Most styles eventually wear out, as people continually search for new ways to express themselves and markers try to keep up * Cultural selection process never stops, when styles change state obsolete others wait to replace them in popular culture Culture Production Systems set of individuals and organizations trustworthy for creating and marketing a cultural product * No single designer, company or ad mode is totally responsible for creating popular culture, may different factors * Important factors include the number and diversity of competing systems and the among of innovation vs. conformity that is encouraged Components of a CPS has three major subsystems 1. Creative subsystem responsible for generating new symbols or products ex. singer 2.Managerial subsystem responsible for selecting, making tangible , mass producing, and m anaging the distribution of new symbols or products, ex. producer/ distributor of CD 3. Communication subsystem responsible for giving meaning to new products and providing them with symbolic sets of attributes that are communicated to consumers, ex. advertising agencies hired to promote music Cultural Gatekeepers judges or testmakers influence the product that are eventually offered to consumers * perk the overflow of information and material intended for consumers, ex. movie, restaurant, car reviewers * Collectively called throughput sector Changed from top-down to bottom up, companies get a line to everyday consumers due to factors such as social networking * We now live in consumerspace where customers act as partners with companies to decide what the marketplace will offer * Xerox uses voice of the consumer data in its R&D feedback from end customers well before it put new product on the market * First make prototype, then gets feed back customer-led innovation High Cult ure and Popular Culture * Culture production systems create many diverse kinds of products, basic distinctions through characteristics * Art Product viewed primarily as an object of aesthetic contemplation without an functional value * Original, subtle, and valuable elite of society * Craft Product esteem because of beauty with which it performs some function, ex. ceramic ashtray * Permits rapid production High Art vs. Low Art (high and low culture) * We assume rich have culture and poor do not * Blended together in interesting ways, ex. fine art at Costco * We appreciate advertising as an art form The arts are big business, marketers often incorporate high art to promote products Cultural strainingulae * Mass culture churns out products specifically for a mass market * Aiming to please average tastes of undifferentiated audience * inevitable because they follow certain patterns * Usually a formula followed because roles and props occur consistently * This means that we reproc ess images * Creative subsystem members reach back through time and remix the past, ex. Gilligans Island Brandy Bunch Reality Engineering elements of popular culture are used and converted to promotional strategies * Many consumer environments have images/characters spawned by marketing campaigns or are retreads, ex.Real like Kwik-E-Mart * Hard to tell what is real new vintage (used jeans) * Cultivation hypothesis medias ability to distort consumers perception of reality * Media tend to exaggerate or distort the frequency of behaviours such as drinking and smoking Product Placement inserting real products in movies, ex. E. T and Reeses pieces Advergaming online games merge with interactive advertisements that let companies target specific type of customers Plinking embedding a product or service link in video (you-tube) The Diffusion of Innovations process whereby a new product, service, or idea spreads through a population * New products and styles constantly enter the marke t * Occur both consumer and industrial setting Form of clothing, new manufacturing technique or novel way to deliver a service * If innovation is successful it spreads through the population * First bought or used by few people more and more consumers decided until everyone has bought or tried innovation Adopting Innovations * Resembles decision-making sequence, moves stages of Awareness, information search, evaluation, trial, and adoption * Importance depends on how much is already known about product as a well as cultural factors that affect peoples willingness to try new things * Not al people adopt an innovation at the same rate (some never do) * Consumers can be placed into categories based on likelihood of adopting to innovation can be related to product-life-cycle) * 1/6th of population very quick to adopt new products (innovators and early adopters), 1/6th are very slow (laggards) * 2/3rds are somewhere in the middle majority represent mainstream public * interested in new t hings, but do not want them to be too new, wait for technology to improve, or price to fall * Innovators brave souls, first to try new offering (maybe innovator on one thing, laggard in another) ex. fashion, vs. recording technology, highly educated, and high income levels, and socially active * Early Adopters share similar characteristics, but difference is degree of connect for social acceptance (20% of pop. ), use magazines to learn about new trendsTypes of Innovations can be categorized in terms of degree to which they demand change in behavior from adopters, three categories * Continuous innovation modification of existing product, set one brand apart from competitors, most products this type, evolutionary * Small changes made to position, to add line extensions, or merely alleviate consumer boredom * Dynamically continuous innovation more pronounced change in an existing product, ex. touch-tone telephones, creating some behavior change * Discontinuous innovation major change in the way we live, ex. airplane, car, TV Prerequisites for Successful Adoption several factors required for new product to succeed * Compatibility compatible with consumers lifestyle * Trialability more likely to adopt of they can experiment with it prior to commitment, reduce risk, ex. ree trial-size samples * Complexity should be low in complexity, easier to understand chosen over competitor * Observability innovation easily observable, more likely to spread, ex. visible fanny packs * Relative Advantage most important, should offer relative advantage over alternatives The style System consist of all those people and organization involved in creating symbolic meaning and transferring those meanings to cultural goods * sort affects all type of cultural phenomena, including music, art, architecture, and even science * Fashion as code/ verbiage for meanings * Terms * Fashion process of social diffusion by which a new style is adopted by some group(s) of consumers * A fashion(style) particular ombination of attributes * In fashion this combination is currently positively evaluated by some reference group Cultural Categories How we characterize the world reflects the meaning we impart to products * Culture makes distinctions between different times, leisure and work, and gender * Dominant aspects/themes of culture are reflected in design/marketing of items * Costumes of politicians, contention/movie stars * 1950s/60s space-age mastery * Fashion colours for each season * Creative subsystems attempt to anticipate the tastes of the buying public * Collective selection process in which certain symbolic alternatives are chosen over others, ex. New Wave, Danish Modern, The Western Look, Nouvelle CuisineBehavioural Science Perspectives on Fashion major approaches to fashion * Psychological Models of Fashion explain why people are motivated to be in fashion * Includes conformity, pattern seeking, personal creativity, and sexual attention, ex. con sumers seek need for uniqueness, want to be different, but not too different (conform to basic guidelines but improvise and make personal statements) * Also early theory of fashion shifting erogenous zones accounted for fashion change, different zones become the object of interest because they reflect societal trends (pg. 536) * Economic models of Fashion terms of supply and demand * Items limited supply have high value, while readily visible(prenominal) are less desired (rare items command respect and prestige) * Ex. wear expensive clothing to show prosperity Though in contrast parody display 0 which they deliberately adopt low-status or low-budget products * Prestige-exclusivity effect high prices create high demand * Snob effect lower prices actually reduce demand (if its cheap it isnt good) * Sociological Models of Fashion focuses on initial adoption of fashion by subculture and is diffusion into society as a whole * Ex. Goth culture into mainstream or hip hop * * Tric kle-down theory important * States that there are two conflicting forces that drive fashion change 1. reduce groups try to adopt the status symbols of groups above them try to climb the later of social mobility (thus dominant styles originate with upper classes and trickle down) 2. Those superordinate groups are constantly looking below them on the ladder to construe they are not imitated, they adopt newer fashions * Self-perpetuating cycle of change of fashion Harder in modern times because of new developments in mass culture * Advance in technology to make people instantly aware of latest styles and trends * Each social group has own fashion innovator, trickle-across effect fashion diffused horizontally among members of same social group * Current fashions often originate with lower classes, trickle up- less concern with maintaining status quo, more free time to innovate, take risks A Medical Model of Fashion why do style diffuse through the population so quickly? * Meme the ory explains the idea, meme idea/product that enters the consciousness of people over time includes tunes, catchphrases, or styles like Hush Puppies * Memes spread among consumers in a geometric progression, like a virus, starts off small and steadily infects increasing number of people until it becomes epizootic * Leap from brain to brain via processes of imitation To survive must be distinctive and memorable * Tipping point when process reaches the moment of critical mass Cycles of Fashion Adoption * Fashion cycle much similar to product life cycle, progresses through birth to death * Fashion acceptance cycle * Introduction stage a song is listened to by smaller number of music innovators * Acceptance stage song enjoys increase social visibility and accepted by large segments of population, wide airplay on Top 40 displace * Regression stage item reaches a state of social saturation, becomes overused, sinks into decline and new songs take its place * Different classes of f ashions can be identified by considering relative ength of the fashion acceptance cycle * Classic fashion with extremely long acceptance cycle, low risk * Fad very short-lived fashion, usually adopted by relatively few people, trickles across common subculture, rarely breaks out of specific group, ex. hula hoops, snap bracelets, and pet rocks, or streaking in mid -1970s * Non-utilitarian not performed any meaningful function * espouse on impulse * Diffused rapidly, gains quick acceptance, and is short-lived Fad or Trend * Guidelines for long-term trends * Fits with basic lifestyle changes * A real benefit should be evident * Can be personalized * Not a side effect or a carryover effect * Important market segments adopt change