Why Men Earn more Money than Women - 891 Words

I think the most important reason that women earn less is that a few decades ago women did not receive equal education on the higher level and I think that affect the deferens in salaries today, and here is why. 35 to 15 years ago when we had a less equal society, more women made career choices which at the time was considered the norm for women, for example, almost all women were expected to have children and stay at home with the children and take care of the house, while men were expected to work and make a career, and that affected their chance of both getting a job and getting a good salary. Most men made a career had a higher salary while a big minority of the women became housewives and stayed at home with the children. An economic myth is that women make 83 à ¶re for every crown a man make because they are discriminated in the labor market. Like other myths, these doses have a bit of truth to it. So for example, if you add up all the incomes of women and divide it by the number of women in the labor force and then do the same thing for men, what you will find is, that on average, women do make about 83 percent of what men do. What’s happening here is not discrimination in the labor market, but differences in the choices that men and women make about investing their knowledge, their education, their skills, and their job experiences that leads them to getting paid different salaries. Economists talk about people’s human capital. By human capital, we mean the skills, theShow MoreRelatedDifferences Between Men And Women1085 Words   |  5 Pages Both men and women have been inequalities in the workplace. Women are still are not receiving equal pay for the equal work and the equal pay of work of the equal value. Even though women have increased their presence in higher paying jobs that are dominated by men, still women continue to work in low paying occupations as men. For so long woman have received less pay in jobs. They have not been treated fair and equal as a man does in the same job fields. Woman has worked so hard and have accomplishedRead MoreBattle of the Sexes725 Words   |  3 Pagesgap is nearly impossible to avoid, even though women have spent the time and hard work with education and dedication to their job, just as men have. Women have improved in these areas to receive high position and equality with men in the work force. However, even though they have kept their heads down and played by the rules, women still have somehow come up short and, their pay remains less than men’s pay. The earnings and income of men and women differ on many levels; it’s almost hard to believeRead MoreEssay On If I Were A Boy1528 Words   |  7 PagesBeyoncà © sings â€Å"If I Were a Boy† passionately wishing to comprehend the lack of empathy men have when considering the act of faithfulness to one partner. As much as that is a problem of its own, if I were a boy, I think I could understand the many things I don’t. If I were a boy, I think I could understand how it feels to be exempted from many of the societal criticisms and discriminations women face because of my genetic superiority. If I were a boy, I think I could understand how easy it is to walkRead MoreAchieving Gender Inequality Within The American Workplace Essay1462 Words   |  6 Pageswomen are demonstrating time after time that they can excel at positions of high power and responsibility they even demonstrate to suppress those of males. They have higher profits and are rated as better leaders. T hese statistics come to show to women and business that women have great potential and they shouldn’t feel intimidated by the great responsibility or stereotypes that come with the job and women respectively. Women should embrace opportunities such as these and business shouldn’t overlookRead MoreGender Inequality Within The United States1686 Words   |  7 Pagesadvances in society, especially for women despite these advancements, there continues to be inequalities in sexual â€Å"equality† .Why does a wage difference exists between men and women? Are employers being sexist? Sexism has been a problem since the beginning of mankind. Women have struggled to achieve equality with men. The male dominated culture has led the female gender to become the â€Å"weaker sex†. This discrimination, of course, based on the stereotype that women should be stay at home playing theRead MoreHow American Sexism Has Changed Over The Years, But It Is Far From Perfect?853 W ords   |  4 Pageschanged dramatically over the years, but it is far from perfect. Today many women in America face sexism in many areas throughout their lives; especially in workplaces. Women face sexist stereotype that holds them back from rising up as corporate ladders, especially in jobs that have a high ratio of men compared to women. Sexist comments such as â€Å"women are weak to do this kind of job† , â€Å"these are men s jobs† and †women are too emotional to work† often causes a woman to be cautious of how she actsRead MoreShould Women Get Paid The Same As Men1093 Words   |  5 PagesShould women get paid the same as men in professional sport? Professional sports, as compared to amateur sports, are sports in which athletes receive payment for their performance. Due to ability to draw a large income, professional athletes can afford to make their sport their primary career, devoting the training time necessary to increase skills, physical condition, and experience to become the best they can be. Most sports played professionally also have amateur players far outnumberingRead MoreGlobalization Does Not Just Affect Global Economics843 Words   |  4 Pageseconomics, it also improved women’s social status. Because women started to work outside and earn money to support the family. Before globalization, women were forced to take care of family. Since women had no economic supports, they were not able to survive without their families, so they had to follow their husbands without doubts. Men believed that the best wife should stay at home for housework, they would feel shame and angry if women worked outside. All the surrounding people would judge theRead MoreThe Fight For Gender Equality1282 Words   |  6 PagesThe fight for gender equality in the workplace has been ongoing for fifty years. Women have been looked to as inferior in the workplace in the United States for the better part of a decade. While they have made tremendous strides in getting equalization, ladies are still cheated out of the money that men are receiving for the same career. The gender wage gap is real and it grows over worker’s careers. Though it used to be a gap because of education between the genders, the education gap has beenRead More Discrimination in the Workplace Essay1523 Words   |  7 Pages Discrimination in the work place towards women is extremely common and occurs in everyday life. You can prove this by explaining how women in the workplace get paid, get promoted and get treated based on their sex. Sex discrimination in the workplace comes with many different faces. In its most basic form, it involves outright exclusion of women, solely by reason of their gender. Even where women have gained access to the workplace, sex discrimination may persist in other ways. Examples

Systems Analysis And Design Of Iain s Co - 2733 Words

Systems Analysis and Design Help sheet: Introduction: For this unit I have been asked to produce a database for ‘Iain’s Co’ who are a large building service company, but before that I have to plan everything out by analysing and designing the database for the company’s newly taken over smaller company. Scenario: Iain’s Co are a large building company who at present have employed IT technicians in order for their technical aspects to be managed and to also support the IT users in the company. In recent time Iain’s Co s have taken over a smaller company who require some help with their database as they want to include some new features that can improve and link both company data’s together in order to manage the two sites on one database. Outline principles of systems analysis: What is a system analysis? A system analysis is a data processing method that is widely used in the business department for breaking down a problem into different parts to reduce the difficulty of the problem and identifying the needs to solve the problem more easily and more efficiently. This will be helping Iain’s Co greatly because they need a system that can break down problems so that it reduces the difficulty of the problem. What is an SSADM? Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method is also more commonly known as SSADM, which is an amalgamation of text and diagrams through the entire life cycle of a system design, from the planning of the design idea to the actual design of theShow MoreRelatedMy Personal Plan2317 Words   |  10 Pagesexercise 10 11 13 10. References. 13 11. Bibliography 14 Personal Development Plan â€Å"If you dont design your own life plan, chances are youll fall into someone elses plan. And guess what they have planned for you? Not much.† - Jim Rohn (cited @ thinkexist.com) 1. Introduction The scope of this report will be to outline and support personal developmentRead MoreBusiness Journalism in India26104 Words   |  105 Pagesimportant than ever for business journalists to pull it all together, to provide the insight and understanding in the best days, the wisdom, that will be necessary. The world doesn’t need more information. It needs more understanding, more insight, more analysis. What is the Finance Commission? The Finance Commission is constituted by the President under article 280 of the Constitution, mainly to give its recommendations on distribution of tax revenues between the Union and the States and amongstRead MoreOnline Grocery Business10398 Words   |  42 Pagese-retailing; e-tailing; electronic business; electronic retailing; electronic shopping; information economy; Internet commerce; Internet economy; online grocery shopping; online shopping; service industry; virtual shopping; Web shopping; Web site design; Web-based commerece ORGANIZATION BACKGROUND ASDA Stores Ltd. (http://www.asda.co.uk) was Britain’s second largest supermarket retailer, with a turnover of  £13.2 billion (for fiscal year ending December 31, 2003). 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Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without prior written permission of the publisher. This McGraw−Hill Primis text may include materials submitted to McGraw−Hill for publication by the instructor of this course. The instructor is solely responsible for the editorial content of suchRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMcKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. 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Essay On Colonies Essay Example For Students

Essay On Colonies Essay Essay on ColoniesThe New England and Southern Colonies were both settled largely by theEnglish. By 1700, the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. The southern colonies have characteristics that are the antithesis ofthe New England colonies attributes. New England was colonized for Freedomof Worship and freedom of political thought. The Southern colonies weredeveloped for freedom of economic opportunity. The New England colonies hadaspirations for a distinct society, where they could show their homeland,how a country should be run. The southern colonies had goals formercantilism, and increasing the prosperity of England. The New Englandcolonies were based on theocracy, where the state forced the people to liveand worship in an orthodox way. The southern colonies(Virginia) had agovernment based on a royal government, where the state was governed by agovernor and council named by the king, and an elected assembly chosen bythe people. Finally, the New England colonies wanted to establish thecolony for religious motives, while the southern colonies were establishedfor economic motives. England and the rebels of England (Pilgrims), made up the New Englandand southern colonies. God Almighty in his most holy and wise providencehath so disposed of the condition of mankind, in all times some must berich, some poor, some high and eminent in power and dignity, other mean andin subjection. Yet we must be knit together in this work as one man.(JohnWinthrop, A Model of Christian Charity) This statement by John Winthrop,demonstrates importance of religion in the lives of the New Englandsettlers. We must delight in each other, make others conditions our own,rejoice together, mourn together, labor and suffer together, always havingbefore our eyes our commission and community in the work, our community asmembers of the same body. (John Winthrop, A Model of Christian Charity). The use of the word together and community indicates that the NewEngland settlers were of a communal nature, they were less individualisticthan the southern colonies. The New England colonies were based onreligious freedom, thus their society was reflected the religion. These underwritten names are to be transported to Virginia, embarked inthe Merchants Hope, Hugh Weston, Master, per examination by the ministerof Gravesend touching upon their conformity to the Church discipline ofEngland, and have taken oaths of allegiance and supremacy: (Ships List ofEmigrants Bound for Virginia). The use of the word Master, shows, thatthe southern colonies were more of a individualistic state rather than acommunal state(New England). This individualism was the effect of themotivation of the southern colonies for economic opportunity. We whose names are underwritten, being by Gods providnce engaged togetherto make a plantation. (Articles of Agreement). The New Englandsettlers, again were of a communal nature, in how they are binding togetherfor the good of the community. We intend by Gods grace, as soon as we canwith all convenient speed, to procure some Godly and faithful minster withwhom we purpose to join in church covenant to walk in the ways ofChrist.(Articles of Agreement). The statement above, shows how theminister, was the head of the theocracy, of the small communities. Furthermore, the Articles of Agreement, demonstates the importance ofsharing within the community. This article, was another product of themotivation of the New England settlers for religious freedom. This court in the interim recommends all tradesmen and laborersconsider the religious end of their callings. The puritans believedeveryone had a specific duty in life, something that one was proficient at. .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .postImageUrl , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:hover , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:visited , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:active { border:0!important; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:active , .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue69bbe3d822dbe4bc91ac07d6cd7cabe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Existentialism (1221 words) EssayAlmost all the mores and society itself radiated from religion, as aresult, many people who couldnt endure the rigidity of such a society wereexiled and the dissenters created new societies. The worstwith their golden promisesmade all men their slaves in hope of recompenses. There was no talk butdig gold, wash gold, refine gold, load gold.. (Captain John Smith, Historyof Virginia). The southern colonists were a people who settled in thesouthern colonies for econmic motives. The people were more materialistic,and individualistic, thus greed prevailed. Conversely, the New Englandsettlers were of a spiritual nature, and were dispassionate inmaterialistic matters. The drive of the southern colonists were towardeconomic prosperity. For by our nearest computation we leave at our backs as manyservants(besides Negroes) as there are friedman to defend the shores andall our frontiers the Indians. gives men fearfulapprehensions of the danger they leave their estates and families in, whilethey are drawn from their houses to defend the borders.(Governor Berkeleyand His Council on Their Inability to defend Virginia Against a DutchAttack). The southern colonists were protective of their land, and wereseeking more and more land. The colonists idea was for more economicprosperity coming from more and more land. The southern colonists weremotivated for economic prosperity. Let us observe the sudden rise of their estates with thequality in which they first entered this country. (Bacons Manifesto). This statement shows how the southern colonists had progressed by arrivingto America because of their economic motivation. The advancement is aresult of economic drive toward prosperity. The colonies were settled chiefly by the same race of people. Thedistinct quality that seperated the southern colonists from the New Englandcolonists is that the motivation of the two were distinct, and as a resulttwo colonies diverged in their goals. The southern colonists were aimingfor economic prosperity; the presence of vast quantities of cheap land inAmerica opened opportunities for economic advancement unknown inovercrowded Europe. The religious freedom was a major contribution becausein Europe religious toleration was almost unknown, and dissenters werelooked down upon. History Essays

Phil Lit free essay sample

Course Description The course is a study of literary genres exemplified by the selected literary texts from different regions of the Philippines written at different periods in the Philippine literary history. It aims to equip students with literary appreciation that may guide them towards wholesome development of the innate potentials and values. Credits 3 units Pre-Requisite Introduction to Literature Course Objectives The course has the following objectives: 1. show the relevance of the study of literature in human’s life; 2. link the present to the future based on the thoughts of the past as presented and preserved in the literary texts; 3. point out the value of reading Philippine literary texts; 4. identify and differentiate the various elements of the different genres like short story; 5. articulate the importance of each element in the proper understanding of the genres; 6. showcase the meaning and lessons derived from the literary texts; 7. recognize the value the literary prowess of the writers; 8. We will write a custom essay sample on Phil Lit or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page help students appreciate the richness and value of Philippine literature; and 9. relate literature to human experiences. Learning Competencies Students are expected to: 1. identify the importance of literature to human endeavor; 2. relate to the characters that personify the students’ character or experience; 3. infer the message implied in the different genres; 4. assimilate the lessons in life inherent in the different literary genres; 5. choose the correct paths for self-improvement as inspired by the literary texts; 6. interpret figurative meanings of poetry and identify its elements; 7. possess positive outlook in education through selected essays; 8. read poems observing proper phrasing and expression; 9. analyze the implications of the moves and motives of the characters/persona in the different genres studied; and 10. appreciate and value the richness and imaginative power of man to express ideas/expressions. Instructional Modes/ Learning Activities 1. lecture 2. discussion 3. Pair/group work 4. Debates 5. Role play 6. Film viewing 7. Reporting 8. Storytelling 9. Recital 10. Movie and Book review Content Coverage I. Introduction A. Literature defined B. Importance of Literature C. Philippine Folk Literature D. Literary genres I. The short story A. Short story defined B. Elements of short story C. The Short Stories 1. Death into Manhood 2. How my Brother Leon Brought Home a Wife 3. Dead Stars 4. Faith, Love, Time and Dr. Lazaro 5. Wedding Dance 6. The House on Zapote Street 7. We Filipinos are Mild Drinkers II. Essay A. Essay defined B. Types of Essay C. Essay 1. College Uneducation 2. Sonia 3. Where is the Patis? 4. Male Homosexuality in the Philippines (Garcia) III. Poetry A. Poetry defined B. Elements of Poem C. Representative poems 1. Ink 2. Quietness 3. Like the Molave 4. Eulogy of Roaches IV. Play A. Play defined B. Elements of a Play C. Sepang Loca Learning Resources 1. CD/DVDs 2. Audio-video equipments 3. TV set 4. LCD projector/laptop 5. Textbooks 6. Newspaper/magazines 7. Internet References 1. Balarbar, Corazon V. ,et. al. Gems in Philippine Literature. Manila: National BookStore. 1989. 2. Calixihan, Jovita O. and Lucesa Y. Diano. Gems in Afro-Asian Literature. Manila: National BookStore. 1989. 3. Roseburg, A. G. Pathways to Philippine Literature in English. Phoenix Publishing House. 1996 4. Saymo, Apolinario S. Philippine Literature. Trinitas Publishing, Inc. 2004 5. Tomeldan, Yolanda V. ,et. al. Prism an Introduction to Literature. Manila: National Book Store. 1986 http://en. wikipedia. org www. seasite. niu. edu Course Requirements See www. arcy-tca. wikispaces. com for assignments and updated announcements. Additional requirements: 1. Participation in class activities (dyads, triads, groups) 2. Pass quizzes and long examinations(Midterm and Finals) 4. Perform choral reading/participate in the speech choir inter-class competition 5. Create a Letter to the World as a major project. Course Policies 1. The rule on failing mark for 20% unexcused absences shall be strictly enforced (Chapter 4, Section 2, p. 24 of TCA Student Manual). 2. Short quizzes will be given unannounced; however, schedule for long quizzes shall be announced at least one week prior to its administration. 3. Mid-Term and Final Exams shall be given only to students who have completely or partially settled their accounts for the specified period. 4. Students will be held responsible for all assignments and requirements for the entire content on the course missed regardless of reasons for his absence (Chapter 4, Section 2, p. 24 of TCA Student Manual). 5. Only students officially enrolled in the course will be allowed to attend the class. 6. Talking during examinations, possession of textbooks or notes of any kind (unless authorized), giving or receiving information or any other attempts at communication shall render the offender to disciplinary action (Chapter 5, Section 4, p. 26 of the Student Manual). 7. The professor is not obliged to give a special or late test to any student who fails to take an examination at the regular time, except upon a written request approved by the Dean of the Institute concerned (Chapter 5, Section 5, p. 26 of the Student Manual). 8. Grades of 3. 10-4. 00 are conditional failures, and must be removed by re-examination before the enrolment for the next term (Chapter 6, Section 1, p. 27 of the Student Manual). 9. When given a grade of INC. (Incomplete) , the student shall complete the grade within one year, otherwise, a grade of 5. 0 is automatically given by the registrar. 10. A student under the influence of liquor and/or any dangerous/prohibited drug shall not be allowed entry in the classroom to attend class. 11. All students enrolled in this class is advised to read Chapter 7, pp. 84-93 of the TCA Student Manual for other salient policies and guidelines. Prepared by ARCELYN N. SANGALANG THOMAS FERREBEE Instructor I US Peace Corps Volunteer Recommending Approval EMERSON CUZZAMO ARLENE F. VALDEZ Chair, BEEd Program Coordinator, Academic Program Approved NOEL J. POTERO, Ph. D. MARIA TERESA SJ. VALDEZ, Ph. D Dean, Institute of Education Vice-President, Academic Affairs TCA’s Vision : TCA as Center of Excellence in tertiary education, research, and training for sustainable agro-industrial development TCA’s Mission: Provision of tertiary education geared towards the: pursuit of a better quality of life thru sustainable agriculture food security; provision of knowledge, skills, ideas and values to make students productive, effective and competent in agro-industrial development; acceleration of the development of professionals to provide leadership in various agriculture-based disciplines; search for knowledge to harness the bio-diversity resources of the region. IEd’s Goals : High quality and excellent pre-service and post-graduate teacher education Relevance of pre-service and post-graduate training to national and international standards Effectiveness in conveying knowledge and facilitating teaching-learning processes and activities Efficiency in continuously developing human resource skills, competence, expertise, and leadership for the education sector BEEd Objectives : To produce graduates who: 1. have a competitive edge in meeting the demands of the basic education industry here and abroad 2. will become professional teachers who are efficient and effective facilitators of learning 3. possess genuine appreciation of human ideas and values of refinement, and commitment to the progress of the nation as well as of all humanity; and 4. will become teachers who are proud of their profession and who appreciate Philippine culture and that of the world.

Autism free essay sample

Not every child with autism will have a language problem. A childs ability to communicate will vary, depending upon his or her intellectual and social development. Some children with autism may be unable to speak while others may have rich vocabularies and be able to talk about specific subjects in great detail. Most children with autism have little or no problem pronouncing words. The majority, however, have difficulty using language effectively, especially when they talk to other people.Many have problems with the meaning and withy of words and sentences. There are some patterns of language use and behaviors that are often found in children with autism. Firstly, they use repetitive or rigid language. Children with autism who can speak will say things that have no meaning or that seem out of context in conversations with others. For example, a child may continuously repeat words he or she has heard or keep asking the same question. We will write a custom essay sample on Autism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In addition, some children with autism may also speak In a high-pitched tone or use robot-like voice.Secondly, children with autism usually have narrow interests and exceptional abilities. Some children may be able to deliver an In-depth monologue about a topic that holds their Interest, even though they may not be able to carry on a two-way conversation about the same topic. Some have musical talents or an advanced ability to count and do math calculations. Approximately 10 percent of children with autism show extremely high abilities In specific areas, such as calendar calculation, music, or math.Thirdly, they normally have uneven language development. Many children with autism develop some speech and language skills, UT not to a normal level of ability, and their progress are usually uneven. For example, they may develop a strong vocabulary In a particular area of Interest very quickly. Many children have good memories for Information Just heard or seen. Some children may be able to read words before 5 years of age, but they may not comprehend what they have read.They often do not respond to the speech of others and may not respond to their own names. As a result, children with autism sometimes are mistakenly thought to have a hearing problem. Lastly, they have poor nonverbal conversation skills. Children with autism are often unable to use gestures In their speech. They often avoid eye contact, which can make them seem rude, uninterested, or Inattentive. Without meaningful gestures or the language to communicate, many children with autism become frustrated In their attempts to make their feelings and needs known.They may act out their frustrations through vocal outbursts or other Inappropriate behaviors. Autism By focuses question. In addition, some children with autism may also speak in a high-pitched interests and exceptional abilities. Some children may be able to deliver an in-depth monologue about a topic that holds their interest, even though they may not be able of children with autism show extremely high abilities in specific areas, such as example, they may develop a strong vocabulary in a particular area of interest very quickly.Many children have good memories for information Just heard or seen. Some in their speech. They often avoid eye contact, which can make them seem rude, uninterested, or inattentive. Without meaningful gestures or the language to communicate, many children with autism become frustrated in their attempts to vocal outbursts or other inappropriate behaviors. Autism free essay sample Autism is a developmental disability caused by neurological dysfunction. It affects the way a person understands and responds to the world, how they hear, see, feel, sense, perceive and interpret everything around them. This may affect how they eat, sleep, dress, work, spend leisure time etc. They are likely to have repetitive behaviour patterns and restricted repetitive interests. Individuals with an autistic spectrum condition can have difficulties with language and communicating with others and with social interactions and relationships because there is an impairment of 2 way verbal and non verbal communication and impairment of flexible thinking and social imagination. People with autism can often have accompanying learning difficulties but everyone with the condition shares a difficulty in making sense of the world. Inflexibility and restrictiveness in activities and interests can lead to a person on the autistic spectrum having difficulty relating to others and making friends, an inability to engage in imaginary play, it can lead to ritualistic behaviours , obsessions and fears. We will write a custom essay sample on Autism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is important to identify the person’s strengths and weaknesses, to use their strengths and interest and use positive approaches. It may be helpful to use social stories to facilitate social skills and to be structured, consistent and calm. It is important to recognise that each individual on the autistic spectrum has their own individual abilities, needs, strengths, preferences and interests so that a person centered shared means of communication can be identified. 1. 1. Describe the types of difficulty that individuals with an autistic spectrum condition may have with language and other ways of communicating The difficulties which individauls have in using language effectively with others include lack of eye contact, poor attention, being able to point objects to others, and difficulty with the give and take in normal conversation. Some individuals sometimes use language in unusual ways, retaining features of earlier stages of language development for long periods or throughout their lives. Some speak only single words, while thers repeat a mimicked phrase over and over The body language of people with autism can be difficult for other people to understand. Facial expressions, movements, and gestures may be easily understood by some other people with autism, but do not match those used by other people. Also, their tone of voice has a much more subtle inflection in reflecting their feelings, and the auditory system of a person without autism often cannot sense the fluctuations. Identify problems that individuals with an autistic spectrum condition may have in social interaction and relationships Communication difficulties may contribute to autistic people becoming socially anxious or depressed or prone to self-injurious behaviours. Significant percentage of people with autism are being diagnosed with co-morbid mood, anxiety and compulsive disorders which may also contribute to behavioural and functioning challenges.

American Music of the 1930 essays

American Music of the 1930 essays American popular music from the 1930's reflects the cultural and social characteristics that shaped the American identity during the period. The music of the thirties is important when trying to understand the American people during a time of new technology, a massive growing in the population of cities, and a large scale depression. Over the course of the thirties, American taste in music changed dramatically. In the mainstream it moved from the bland and unchallenging "sweet" sound of Guy Lombardo and the Jazz Age dance bands to the more rhythmically involved horn arrangements of the Swing Era such as Benny Goodman and Tommy Dorsey. Early jazz and blues first heard in the thirties clearly demonstrate the emergence of significant musical forms by great artist like Louis Armstrong and Fletcher Henderson. The second set of songs from the middle of the decade to the end represents the emerging modern forms of American popular music. One can hear the fine-tuning of rhythm and blues in works by Ellington, Billie Holiday, Ella Fitzgerald and Cleo Patra Brown. The swing era is known by recordings of Tommy Dorsey, Benny Goodman and Artie Shaw. There was also a newly emerging team in the film industry. The record industry and radio grew in strength and also influenced the decade. The trademark sound of the Glen Mi ller Orchestra "Moonlight Serenade" would provide a generation with musical memories of American life during the Second World War. Many Americans were forced to relocate in search of employment after the collapse of the economy. They moved from rural areas to urban factory towns, from city to city and state to state in search of work. Many of these people felt as if they had been torn from their social and cultural roots. This seemed to welcome recorded music as a statement of their cultural experiences and old identities. Historian William Kenney concluded, "...whether consciously or not, almost all citizens foun...

Total Quality Management and Operational Management Control Assignment

Total Quality Management and Operational Management Control - Assignment Example Although a generalization is made based on the evidence gathered but if, even a single logic is proved wrong the whole generalization is considered inappropriate. These generalizations are made only if after the data is organized. Our research methodology is based on this strategy and the answers to the questions are generalized to make conclusions about the company strategy. Questionnaires reduce bias. There is uniform question presentation and no middle-man bias. The researcher's own opinions will not influence the respondent to answer questions in a certain manner. There are no verbal or visual clues to influence the respondent. Questionnaires are less intrusive than telephone or face-to-face surveys. When a respondent receives a questionnaire in the mail, he is free to complete the questionnaire on his own time-table. Unlike other research methods, the respondent is not interrupted by the research instrument The questionnaires give more objectives and standardised responses than the interviews as a particular defined pattern is specified. Questionnaires are the quickest way to collect information, however they take a relatively long time not only to design but also to apply and analyse. The main advantage of questionnaire over other research techniques is that more information can be collected in short span of time from a large portion of a group. Although returns from questionnaires are usually low but these return rates can be dramatically improved if the questionnaire is delivered to specific targeted groups and is responded in time. The questions in the questionnaires can be of two types: open ended and close ended. Open ended questions are targeted to get obscure information from a person and the analysis on the questionnaire is done on the basis of the answer of the questionnaire. Whereas closed ended questions are targeted questions in which particular information is asked by the person and a pre analysed answer sheet is usually maintained, based upon which results are formulated. Advantages of Closed-Ended Questions These questions are quick to answer as they are targeted to specifics of the subject. Usually such questions are multiple choice questions which require only the selection of right answer. Close Ended questions are easy to code as the questionnaire mainly consist of multiple choice questions. The answers can be analysed quickly on the basis of a prepared Performa. The answers are not differentiated between articulate and inarticulate respondents (Hendricks, K. B., and V. R. Singhal. 1997). Disadvantages of Closed-Ended Questions Close Ended questions also have some disadvantages. Few can draw misleading

Securing Data using IPSEC VPN over Satellite Communication Research Proposal

Securing Data using IPSEC VPN over Satellite Communication - Research Proposal Example Special focus will be put on Internet Protocol Security or IPSec protocol suite based VPN technology. A VPN is a kind of relatively secure network communication system. With the help of tunneling techniques (for example, HTTP tunnel), tunneling protocols (Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol or L2TP), IPSec technology, etc., a VPN is capable of operating as a secure and cost-effective network even inside the framework of a public network infrastructure (Bentley Walker 2012). Providers are now establishing VPN compatible with satellite communication systems (Siris, Ververidis, and Polyzos 2013). However, according to Fereidooni, Taheri, and Mahramian (2012:228): â€Å"In essence, a VPN provides a secured tunnel between two end points across a public network. The protocols used over the Internet (TCP/IP) are designed for reliable end-to-end data delivery over unreliable and congested networks †¦ However, satellite bears a high latency (delay) medium and TCP response to such latency is not in a determined way.† In general, satellite modems are utilized for operating a VPN over satellite. These modems help to send TCP/IP data in the form of radio frequency or RF. They also help in receiving TCP/IP data from the RF signals. This kind of network communication system is termed as the â€Å"VPN over satellite† (Bentley Walker 2012, paragraph 1; Ground Control 2014) technology, which has become a crucial necessity for remote users. While analyzing the security issues around VPN, Zhu and Ma (2004) stated that public key infrastructure (PKI) can be especially helpful along with dedicated network level key exchange protocols to enhance data protection. Within a few years, Demirel, Alagoz, and Ufuk (2006) stated that flow identification methods too are crucial for IPSec VPN technology operated via satellites. Much later, Fereidooni et al (2009) developed an enhanced

Informative Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Informative Synthesis - Essay Example However, the anticipated environmental concerns and possible health and life threatening effects are consistently increasing the international organizations’ condemnation on the eminent nuclear energy in Iran. Indeed, the nuclear reactors tragedy in Fukushima Japan brought severe and lifetime effects that proved to be dangerous and inevitable (Greenpeace 1). However, the significance of this critical subject hails from the fact that the host nation is a minority nation with more economical interests than human or global security concerns. Iran is indeed not in any way ready to compromise its quest in this project. Actually, the urge to make their dream for a nuclear source of energy has only grown more real. Additionally, Iran has been concealing a ploy to develop uranium enrichment in its territories. Indeed, Iran produced 215 billion kWh gross in 2008 generating a per capita consumption of about 2000 kWh/yr. Out of these production, 80% of its electricity was from gas and 16 .5% from oil. In fact, the nuclear energy reactor started up in Iran on 8 May 2011 through September 2011 after many years of construction and many consistent efforts against ever increasing international opposition. With 75 % production capacity realized in March, the prospects of the project oversee the project entering commercial operation about April 2012 (World Nuclear Association 1). Subject to these developments, the international organizations like the UN Security council and international governments like the US institute sanctions, trade barriers, and diplomatic withdrawals against Iran with a hope of convincing or even coercing Iran to compromise on its pursuit for Nuclear energy (UN Security council 1-12). However, despite the stringent terms, Iran has not shown any signs of giving in to international pressure where they prioritize their economic interests on nuclear energy before international interests. This puts to question the mode of decision-making that Iranian lea dership adopts on matters of global concern like the nuclear energy. The significance of international pressure on nuclear energy in Iran is a relevant issue on the University of Alabama student. I addressing this topic, I will focus on opinion articles, "Only Crippling Sanctions Will Stop Iran" of March 2, 2012 by Emanuele Ottolenghi and "Starving Iran Won't Free It† March 2, 2012  by Hooman Majd. The article, "Only Crippling Sanctions Will Stop Iran" of March 2, 2012 by Emanuele Ottolenghi is however more effective in that it draws the history of important Iranian decisions, how Iranians value sanctions, what drives the Iranians to change and the respect accorded to the Iranian government by the Iranians. This will help in analyzing the effect of the international sanctions against nuclear energy in Iran. Emanuele holds the opinion that the western allies assume that Iran’s leaders are rational actors, and rely on cost-benefit analyses to reach important decision (O ttolenghi 1). Hence, they assume that their continued gradual increase in the costs of Iran’s nuclear pursuit will lead to Tehran concession in the current nuclear standoff between the western decision makers and the Iranian decision makers. They expect the Iranian decision makers to behave rationally agree to a compromise and ignore Iran’s perspective on costs already incurred, the price of completing the journey and the advantages of turning back subject to the continued international pressure (Ottolenghi 1). The Iranian decision makers do not necessarily behave as assumed by the Western decision makers. History shows that the Iran’s decision makers are impervious to cost-benefit analysis and have never been isolationists. Hooman recognizes the fact that coercion, sanctions or exiles and their enablers

The Role That Perception Plays Psychology Essay

The Role That Perception Plays Psychology Essay To a great extent, our behavior is fashioned by our perceptions, personalities, emotions and experiences. In this essay, the role that perception plays in affecting the way that we see the world and its impact on our work related behaviors will be examined. Perception is the process by which individuals select, organize, and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment (Ivancevich, Konopaske, Matteson). Perception and reality however can be two entirely different things and in addition to this, the perceptions of two or several different people will very rarely be the same even when reflecting back on the same incident or event. It can therefore be argued that the accuracy of ones interpretation of a given situation will determine the effectiveness of their response to it and essentially, the outcome. This is why perception is an essential factor to be considered when examining Organizational Behavior. More often than not a manager is rated differently by his or her subordinates. The importance of taking perception into consideration in an organization cannot be overlooked by the managers themselves. The way a manger perceives an employee within an organization should not be influenced by their stature or position as with different situations for which perceptions have to be primarily based as closely as possible on solid facts. The below table depicts significant mean differences of perception between supervisors and their subordinates on a scale from 1-5. On these grounds, three distinct factors that contribute to perceptual differences and the perceptual process among people at work arise: The Perceiver (Factors of influence: past experiences, needs or motives, personality, values and attitudes). The Situation or Setting (Factors of influence: physical, social, and organizational). The Perceived or Object/Target (Factors of influence: characteristics of the perceived person, object, or event, such as contrast, intensity, figure/ground separation, size, motion, and repetition or novelty). It must not however be overlooked that although these factors help in shaping the perception of individuals, they may also sometimes distort such perceptions. Fig 2 (Kondalkar 2007, p.117) THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS There are several stages that determine a subjects perception and reaction as a result of processing information; these information processing stages are best depicted in the following figure. The information-processing stages are divided into information attention and selection; organization of information; information interpretation; and information retrieval. Fig 3 (Schermerhorn,, Grant Osborn 2002, p.32) Our senses are repeatedly overloaded with too much information to process, unless our minds are selective in what to absorb and what to overlook we would quickly become debilitated as a result of this overload of information. Much of this mental sieving is done consciously and the perceiver is full-aware that they are processing information. This function of the mind is referred to by Schermerhorn, Grant Osborn as selective screening. On the other hand, this selective screening process can take place sub-consciously without the awareness of the perceiver. When the mind is functioning like this, it is normally whilst performing a task such as walking and talking on ones mobile phone at the same time, in other words, walking devoid of consciously thinking of the act walking. The ability of the mind to slip out of this sub-conscious state is there in event of a non-routine occurrence, however if not done quickly enough an accident can occur. Despite selective screening taking place in the attention stage, it is still necessary for this information to be organized in such a way that it can be retrieved efficiently. Cognitive frameworks known as schemas help us achieve this by acquiring knowledge through experience. A self schema is created by ones self awareness and is rooted around their appearance, behavior and personality. A person schema refers to the way by which one tends to categorize others based on prominent features normally regarding such demographic characteristics as gender, age, able-bodiedness, and racial and ethnic groups; this is commonly referred to as stereotyping or prototyping. Once this stereotype is created it is then stored in the long term memory for future reference. Once formed a stereotype may be difficult to change and will tend to last a long time (Schermerhorn,, Grant Osborn). On this note it can be said that our tendency to create stereotypes can be attributed to our memories oversimplifying of processed information in order to prevent overloading. A script schema is the mental acquisition of the necessary steps which need to be taken in order to complete a given task (based on experience), such as a manager running a meeting. Finally, person in situation schemas are combinational and are built around people (self and person schemas) and events (script schemas). As is made apparent in the above figure, schemas have a powerful impact on the organizational and other stages of the perception process. Schemas are primarily automatic and sub-conscious responses that free up space in order to maximize ones mental capacity for controlled processing. From the moment that ones mind is drawn in by a stimulus and this information has been processed the next course of action is to expose the underlying reasons behind it. This is otherwise known as interpretation. This method of deduction applied the same situation by two different people will not necessarily lead to the same interpretation. To utilize information stored in ones memory it has to be retrieved. This is depicted by the retrieval step in the above figure. From time to time all of us have difficulty with the recollection of stored information in our memories, more precisely, our memories tend to crumble and only provide us with partial bits of the information we are attempting to recall. Schemas play an important role in this as they make it difficult for us to remember traits or characteristics not relatable to ourselves. PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS It should now be clear that varying viewpoints in perception result in different people seeing different things and consequently attaching different meanings to the same stimuli. When examining the dynamic between the perceiver and the other subject, the accuracy of interpersonal perception and judgments made can be influenced by factors such as the nature of the relationship between the two parties, the order and amount of information received by the perceiver and the overall extent of interaction. There are five main features that can lead to perceptual problems: Stereotyping Stereotyping is the tendency that people have to attach positive or negative labels on others based around their own personalized process of categorization and perceived similarities. This perception is normally centered on what is expected, in this respect, by the perceiver. As mentioned earlier on, stereotyping or prototyping is the minds way of simplifying its intake of stimuli in order to prevent overloading itself (a form of selective screening). The perceiver will tend to place the subject into a preconceived group in which they feel that they best fit. Therefore questionable pre-judgments are formed. Despite the fact that this process condenses information stored in the memory, some extremely negative implications arise which can lead to situations of bigotry or bias. At the workplace, stereotyping can have negative effects on an employee as a negative preconception will normally have the capability to stick and as a result stigmatize and hinder the subjects career. The Halo Effect The Halo Effect occurs when one single characteristic of a person or situation is used by the perceiver to create an overall image or impression. This effect triggers the shutting out of any other relevant characteristics. A specific negative impact of The Halo Effect is what Mullins refers to as perceptual blindness, more specifically this is when rash judgments are made and other important stimuli are simply overlooked as a result of utilizing only what is readily available at that instance. Another phenomenon known as the Rusty Halo Effect exists; this is where general judgments are made on what can be justified and isolated incidents and a person subjected to this can be wrongfully branded as something that they are not. Perceptual Defense Perceptual Defense is a mechanism that surfaces when someone unknowingly or knowingly filters out specific parameters from a given situation that they may find threatening or intimidating. This inadvertently leads to people selectively striking from their minds information that does not support their opinions or points if view. Projection Perception is distorted by feelings and emotions. Projection can result from people overemphasizing undesirable traits that they see in others, whilst at the same time; refuse to see such traits in themselves. Projection also implies attributing or projecting ones own feelings, motives or characteristics to other people (Mullins). This implies that people will tend to be more favorable towards others who seem to be more relatable to them in terms of character, emotional state or momentary state of mind. According to Freud, projection is a means by which we protect ourselves from acknowledging that we possess undesirable traits and assign them in exaggerated amounts to other people. The Self Fulfilling Prophecy This phenomenon arises when a person or situation is hijacked by the misconception of the perceiver or perceivers and consequently ends up becoming that very delusion. This can be attributed to peoples strong desire to validate their own perceptions whilst disregarding the actual reality of the situation. IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT In certain situations, we all attempt to depict our attitudes, personality and competence to others by putting particular emphasis on the way that we physically present ourselves. A job interview is a common example of this; which is referred to as impression management. In the forming of an impression, more emphasis is put on some bits of information than others. It has been proven through research that truly first impressions count, this is formally known as the primacy effect. Interestingly enough, it has also been proven that a negative impression is less likely to change than a positive one. DISTORTION MANAGEMENT In a healthy working environment, the collective perceptual process, at some level should be regulated or supervised. This responsibility, known as distortion management, falls to the managers and supervisors of an organization. A manager who successfully practices distortion management should willfully balance conscious and sub-conscious (automatic and controlled) information processing at the attention and selection stage (refer to Fig 3). Responsibilities of theirs such as performance assessment and clear communication require conscious information processing which will potentially be a hindrance to other job responsibilities. Together with this, managers should strive toward seeking out disconfirming information (concerning previous deductions that they have reached in assessing a subordinate or situation) that will help level out their typical perception of information, thereby avoiding bias. Particular care has to be taken when considering the range of schemas and stereotypes at the information organizing stage. A manager should make a point to expand on his/her schemas and even consider replacing them all together with more precise or wholesome ones. Additionally they should acknowledge that the retrieval stage of the memory can be imprecise. With this in mind a manager should never rely too much on schemas and sensitivity toward perceptual distortions should be ever-present. ATTRIBUTION THEORY The attribution theory focuses on how people attempt to understand the causes of a certain event, assess responsibility for the outcomes of the event and evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event. There are internal and external attributions that can be linked to causes of behavior. Internal causes are within the control of the individual, whereas external causes are variables within a persons environment. There are several factors that can influence internal and external attributions these include: Distinctiveness: consistency of a persons behavior across situations. Consensus: likelihood of others responding in a similar way. Consistency: whether an individual responds the same way across time. In addition to these three influences, two errors have an impact on internal versus external determination: The fundamental attribution error: This applies to the evaluation of someone elses behavior whereby success is attributed to situational factors and failure to personal factors. The self-serving bias: This applies to the evaluation of ones own behavior, where success is attributed to personal factors and failure to situational factors. CONCLUSION All problems encountered throughout the course of this paper point directly toward the massive degree of bias which lurks within the perceptual process. Both personally and professionally, people strive to exist in a world ruled by certainty, more specifically their own certainty and it is our individual perceptual systems that oversee this. The underlying absurdity behind all of this is that it is this very idea that is our downfall; as this system is overrun with errors and bias at the same time. And although we are conscious of this and attempt to rectify these glitches, we are essentially working against our perceptual system in its natural state.

Pressure Ulcer Care Essay

The aetiology of pressure ulcers is in some parts insubstantial due to the numerous influences that apply to the formation of a pressure ulcer. There are, none the less, a diverse array of contributing factors that have been proven to impair the structure of the skin and disrupt the healing processes, for example heart complications, lack of mobility, nutrition, sensory loss, temperature and age effecting the skins texture and strength. The most significant rationale behind the choice of clinical skill is to assist in the advancement of knowledge base, as Ali & Atkin (2004, p. 03) accurately specify, ‘we need to use our increasing knowledge base to transform service provision and provide better primary care’. As health professionals it needs to be realised that we are a vital link between patients and other specialised health care services, Morison (2001, p. 4) points out the importance of, ‘health care professionals as patient advocates in relation to tissue v iability services’, if we do not make it our duty to be knowledgeable of what options our patients have it is impossible to administer care holistically as if our duty as a health care professional. In recent studies it has shown that pressure ulcers are most prominent with surgical patients, research has also shown that the surgical patient develops a pressure ulcer 8 times more than the non surgical patient (Pulskamp, 2007). Interestingly it shows that not only are pressure ulcers observed in older patients but just as often in the younger ago groups, with an increase in occurrence in those who receive neck and head surgeries (Bader et al, 2005), In a study is it is shown that adaptation to the operating table diminished sharply the incidence of pressure ulcer development. Bader et al found that often Pressure ulcers are observed after 2 weeks of being admitted, this then contradicts the theory that ‘pressure ulcers are caused by inadequate nursing care’, this then can only suggest that pressure ulcers develop during an operation, during periods of treatment or during investigations, for example X-ray departments where the mattresses are not adapted to the variety of different patients with a different variety of problems. To reduce occurrence and risk there must be put in place preventative measures in terms of risk assessments but as Pulskamp (2007) points out, ‘There is no validated tool to predict risk of pressure ulcers in the surgical patient’. There are numerous pressure ulcer risk assessment tools in use, yet none being significantly more preferred than others and each with particular strengths and weaknesses. In 2003 the National Institution for Clinical Excellence produced the guidelines, ‘pressure ulcer risk assessment and prevention, including the use of pressure relieving devices (beds, mattresses and overlays) for the prevention of pressure ulcers in primary and secondary care’. They suggest that in order to maximise the effectiveness of the guidelines, they should be enhanced by implementing them in working partnerships such as tissue viability teams. The aim of the guidelines, as LittleJohns & Rawlins (2005, p. 9) highlight, are to ‘inform clinical practice and to direct clinical decision making in order to improve patient outcomes with regard to pressure ulcer prevention and management’. To encourage the use of this guideline the National Institution of Clinical Excellence suggest, ‘incorporating guidance into continuing professional development programmes (in order to) further encourage its use in clinical practice’ (LittleJohns & Ra wlins, 2005, p. 100). After initial implementation an audit was arried out which highlighted significant pitfalls in implementation of the guidelines in clinical practice, for example being unable to record timings or risk assessments, repositioning charts not being used and seating assessments n out being carried out, this highlights the need for flexibility in future risk assessments as clinical issues often arise and cannot be avoided in the busy schedules of health care professionals and can often become barriers to the effective implementation there for making the correct use of the guidelines impossible risks unattended concerning the patients. They also voice the fear that the guidelines are simplifying clinical decision making and urge professionals to adopt any particular recommendations in light of such issues as available resources, local policies, patient circumstance and updates research findings. The European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel quick reference guidelines on prevention for developing pressure ulcers (2009) have a in depth and diverse approach on the assessment of pressure sores and contributing factors, their guidelines investigate not only the treatment of pressure ulcers but use of pressure ulcer prevention devices and wound management with a grading system to reflect the severity of the sore. The advisory panel suggests that, ‘pressure ulcers need to be assessed in the context of the patients overall condition’, they also identify ‘nutrition, pain and psychosocial factors as potential areas of complication, looking into the localization, grade, size, wound bed, exudates, pain and status of the surrounding skin’ (Dealey, 2005, p. 138). One of the pitfalls of this particular assessment strategies is the actual analysis of the pressure ulcer itself, one must have gained adequate back ground knowledge and experience on the analysis of a sore and the most suitable wound management product (for example dressings or antibiotics if the wound appears infected) to truly be able to grade it, Dealey (2005, p. 142) herself discusses, ‘accurate assessment is necessary in order to select a suitable wound management product’.

Personnel of Establishment (Hrm)

3. 1 Personnel of the Establishment Manager Report to: Owner Department: Administration Duties& responsibilities 1. Estimate food consumption, place orders with suppliers, and schedule delivery of fresh food and beverages. 2. Resolve customer complaints about food quality or service. 3. Direct cleaning of kitchen and dining areas to maintain sanitation standards, and keep appropriate records. 4. Monitor actions of staff and customers to ensure that health and safety standards and liquor regulations are obeyed. 5. Maintain budget and employee records, prepare payroll, and pay bills, or monitor bookkeeping records. . May use computer software to monitor inventory, track staff schedules and pay, and perform other record keeping tasks. 7. Recruit, hire, and oversee training for staff. 8. Schedule work hours for servers and kitchen staff. 9. Monitor food preparation and methods. Waiters/Waitress Report to: Manager/Supervisor Department: Food and beverage Duties & responsibilities 1. Greet ing Customers 2. Offering and serving Beverages & Appetizer 3. Taking and serving meals orders 4. Continued service 5. Delivering the check and accepting payments 6. Provide proper dining service etiquette when serving meals 7. Preparing the dining room for meal service: set tables, set up service areas, refill condiments; be sure dining room and all service pieces are clean. 8. Clear tables, wipe tables and chairs or replace linens and wipe condiment containers. Qualifications: 1. Dining room service experience preferably in a hotel or resort 2. Possess a pleasant and outgoing personality. 3. Detail oriented 4. Ability to work morning, nights, weekends, and holidays. 5. Must have the ability to read, write and communicate in English. 6. Ability to grasp, lift, carry or otherwise move materials weighing up to 70 pounds Restaurant Supervisor Report to: Manager Department: Administration Duties & responsibilities 1. Maintain complete knowledge of and comply with all departmental policies/service procedures/standards. 2. Maintain complete knowledge of correct maintenance and use of equipment. Use equipment only as intended. 3. Anticipate guests' needs, respond promptly and acknowledge all guests, however busy and whatever time of day. 4. .Maintain positive guest relations at all times 5. Resolve guest complaints, ensuring guest satisfaction 6. Check storage areas for proper supplies, organization and cleanliness. Complete requisition for additional supplies needed and submit to Manager. Instruct designated personnel to rectify any cleanliness/organization deficiencies. 7. Meet with the Chef to review daily specials and 86'd items; update board throughout shift. 8. Complete all paperwork and closing duties in accordance with departmental standards. 9. Review status of assignments and any follow-up action with Manager and/or on-coming Supervisor Qualification: 1. Minimum 21 years of age to serve alcoholic beverages 2. 2 years experience as Room Service Server 3. Knowledge of various food service styles (i. e. , French service, Russian service, Family Style service, Butler Style service). . Must have good understanding of the English language Cook Report to: Executive Chef Department: F&B Department Duties & responsibilities 1. Prepares and cooks meats, fish, vegetables, gravies, cereals, soups, fruits, bakery products and other forms of food. 2. Prepares and cooks food for special diets from recipes formulated by qualified personnel. 3. Assists in on-the-job training and assist in directing the work of food service workers, students and other employees within area of assignment 4. Assists in the preparation of salads and desserts 5. Notifies supervisor of food and supplies needed. Checks in food and supplies as necessary. Maintains food production records. 6. Maintains maximum standards of sanitation and safety. Qualification: 1. Ability to stand for long periods of time 2. Ability to lift up to 50 pounds. 3. Ability to provide on-the-job training in food preparation to lower level employees. 4. Ability to maintain effective working relationships with others 5. Ability to read, write and follow instructions Dishwasher Report to: Manger/Supervisor Department: Duties & Responsibilities: 1. Sets up and cleans dish machine area; checks temperatures and soap dispensing levels 2. Stores clean equipment and utensils 3. Assists in maintaining preparation and service areas in a sanitary condition 4. Empties garbage to dump site 5. Sweeps and mops floor 6. Operates a dish machine to wash dishes, glasses, cups, trays, silverware and food service equipments Qualifications: 1. Must possess effective listening skills and the ability to communicate in a clear and concise manner 2. Ability to work independently as well as work as part of team Janitor Report to: Manager/Supervisor Department: Duties & Responsibilities: 1. Cleaning toilets, sweeping/mopping floors, cleaning up spills; cleaning as a whole. . Operate and keep up machines used on the job such as wet and dry vacuums, buffers, and polishers. Executive Chef Report to: Manager/ Supervisor Department: F&B Department Duties and Responsibilities: 1. Supervise food production 2. Prepare food daily as outlined on the Food Production Worksheet 3. Maintain kitchen sanitation and safety standards 4. Assist with set-up, service and clean-up of food production 5. Ensure proper sanitation and storage of kitchen equipment 6. Assist with safety and training procedures in handling of food service 7. Must be able to manage a staff of 10-15 associates Qualifications: . Sanitation Certificate 2. Minimum of 5 years previous Chef experience preferred 3. Previous Health Care Food Service experience preferred 4. Understanding of working with older population 5. Ability to work early morning or evening shifts Sous Chef Report to: Executive Chef Department: F&B Department Duties and Responsibilities: 1. Supervise food production 2. Prepare food daily as outlined on the Food Production Worksheet 3. Maintain kitchen sanitation and safety standards. 4. Assist with set-up, service and clean-up of food production 5. Ensure proper sanitation and storage of kitchen equipment 6. Assist with safety and training procedures in handling of food service equipment 7. Ensure compliance with state local and regulatory agencies as it relates to Food Service Qualifications: 1. High School diploma or equivalent required 2. Sanitation Certificate 3. Previous Chef experience preferred 4. Minimum one year volume cooking experience 5. Previous Health Care Food Service experience preferred 6. Understanding of working with older population 7. Ability to work early morning or evening shifts 8. Culinary education required See table 3. 1: |Personnel’s |No. f personnel’s | |Manager |1 | |Waiters/Waitress |5 | |Restaurant Supervisor |1 | |Cook |4 | |Executive Chef |1 | |Sous Chef |1 | 3. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Type of Business Organization We chose line type functional because this type of organization facilitates decision making due to its simplicity of its organizational structure. It also facilitates discipline and control of individuals and to maintain flexibility with organization as a response a constantly changing conditions and demands of its environment. 3. 3 Proposed Organizational Structure The Italian Restaurant Di Buongusto is established by 8 people, that classified as corporation. This establishment has different position as stated below in Figure 3. 3 The manager of the restaurant is the one who manages and control the business/establishment, and followed by restaurant supervisor that supervised & inspect the establishment and also observe the lower position if they do their job appropriately. Executive Chef is a head chef, that guides the Sous Chef in preparing foods that you will serve in the establishment and takes command of the actual production and the minute-by-minute supervision and scheduling of the kitchen staff. , then waiters is the one who receives the orders of the customers and they are the one who serves, the food to them. Dishwasher/ janitor, they are the one who maintains the cleanliness and orderliness of the establishment FIGURE 3. 3 DI BUONGUSTO ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE 3. 4 Proposed Management Principles & Practices MISSON A quality and values will secure our success. We will live by our values, have fun, and take pride in what we do. Our values are to maintain a work environment where people enjoy coming to work, to serve our guests and exceed their expectations, and to be profitable and result oriented. VISSON To provide quality food that tastes good, friendly, attentive servers who make customers feel welcome and clean, well-maintained surroundings and prices that represent a good value. We believe these expectations must be met every time a customer enters in our restaurants. OBJECTIVES 1. To represent commitment to achieve specific performance targets for a certain time. 2. To be must stated in quantifiable terms and contain a deadline for achievements. 3. To spell-out how much of what kind of performance by when. 4. To increase sales growth. 5. To become socially aware and responsible. CORPORATE GOALS ? To have at least 50% return of the investment after a year of operation. ? To maintain liquidity of asset and availability of cash in hand every year. To introduce and develop new product. ? To have another branch after 3 to 4 years. ? To introduce and develop new product. ? To have relaxing and comfortable appeal to the customers. RULES AND REGULATIONS ? Always in proper uniform. ? Pun ctuality. ? Discourage too much jewelry inside the establishment. ? Always observe cleanliness. ? Be courteous and kind to customers. ?   Tips from the customers are centralized. SUNCTIONS ? One (1) week suspension, if an employee bring out food from the establishment without the permission from supervisor. ? Four (4) tardy marks are equivalent to one (1) absence. ? Going outside the establishment in time of work is one (1) week suspension. First Offence = one (2) week Suspension. ? 2nd Offence = two (2) weeks Suspension. ? 3rd Offence = Dismissal from the establishment. 3. 6 TRAINING AND PLACEMENT Identify the training needed for professional growth. In general, chefs and cooks measure, mix, and cook ingredients according to recipes, using a variety of pots, pans, cutlery, and other equipment, including ovens, broilers, grills, grinders, and blenders. Chefs and head cooks also are responsible for directing the work of other kitchen workers, estimating food requirements, and order ing food supplies. Larger restaurants and food services establishments tend to have varied menus and larger kitchen staffs. They often include several chefs and cooks, sometimes called assistant or line cooks, along with other lesser skilled kitchen workers, such as food preparation workers. Each chef or cook works an assigned station that is equipped with the types of stoves, grills, pans, and ingredients needed for the foods prepared at that station. Job titles often reflect the principal ingredient prepared or the type of cooking performed. Most fast-food or short-order cooks and food preparation workers require little education or training; most skills are learned on the job. Training generally starts with basic sanitation and workplace safety subjects and continues with instruction on food handling, preparation, and cooking procedures. A high school diploma is not required for beginning jobs, but it is recommended for those planning a career as a cook or chef. High school or vocational school programs may offer courses in basic food safety and handling procedures and general business and computer classes for those who want to manage or open their own place. Many school districts, in cooperation with State departments of education, provide on-the-job training and summer workshops for cafeteria kitchen workers who aspire to become cooks. Large corporations in the food services and hospitality industries also offer paid internships and summer jobs to those just starting out in the field. Internships provide valuable experience and can lead to placement in more formal chef training programs. Process of promotions (criteria) evaluation performance. The new criteria introduce several innovations. With the new guidelines, individuals are not categorized into a single set of criteria. Rather, there is a flexible structure that provides a menu of options, allowing assembly of a profile that reflects the unique combination of activities and accomplishments of each member. The criteria also recognize the importance about their jobs. This structure allows the sum total of an individual’s achievements to be considered in the evaluation for promotion. |3. Salary Administration | |The Di Buongusto (Pizza and Pasta Restaurant) will hire one manager with a salary ranging from P12,000 to P13,000 per month. Two Chef with | |a salary from P30,000 to 31,200 per month. Five waiter with a salary ranging from P9,000 to P9,932. One restaurant supervisor with a | |salary from P11,0 00 to 11,700. Four cook with a salary of P9,500 to 10,400. Three dishwasher with a salary ranging from P9,000 to P9,932. | |Two janitor with a salary ranging from P9,000 to P9,932. | |Manager | |P 500. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |  P 156,000. 0 | | | |Chef | |P 1,200. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 374,400. 00 | | | |Waiter | |P 382. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 119,184. 0 | | | |Restaurant supervisor | |P 450. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 140,400. 00 | | | |Cook | |P 400. 0/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 124,800. 00 | | | |Dish washer | |P 382. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 119,184. 00 | | | |Janitor | |P 382. 00/day X 26 days X 12 months | |P 119,184. 0 | | | |  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Total salary :  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   P 1,153,152. 00 | 3. 8 Employees Benefits ? SSS ? Sick Leave ? Emergency Leave ? Maternity/ Paternity Leave ? Transportation Allowance ? Free food ? 13th Month Pay ? Sack of rice Every 2 months ? Perfect attendance (get Php. 500. 00 every pay day) 3. 9 Operating Rules House Rules 1. All employees should wear the proper uniform. 2. All employees should always come to work on time. 3. All employees should obey and respect whoever is higher to them. 4. All employees must be friendly to the customers. 5. Always smile. 6. All employees must remember that the customer is always right. 7. No resting during working hours. 8. Clean the area always. Customer Rules 1. Customers must wear a proper attire. 2. No wearing of sleeveless shirts, shorts and slippers. 3. Pets are not allowed inside the establishment. 4. No firearms allowed. Fire and Safety Rules 1. Location and number of fire extinguishers should be decided according to the material stored in the building. 2. Expert advice should be taken in installing fire safety equipments and smoke detectors. 3. Fire fighting equipment and signage should be prominently displayed. 4. All employees must be well-trained when an emergency occurs. 5. An established chain of commands and procedures to be followed in an emergency, including an evacuation plan. 6. Designation of a person or committee to oversee the safety plan and establishment procedures. 7. Make sure the establishment has up-to-date fire alarms, a working sprinkler system and/or fire extinguishers and a first-aid kit and other safety equipment on site. 8. Be prepared for regular fire inspection visits by knowing local fire and safety codes. Sanitation Rules 1. All employees should wear clean outer clothing to prevent contamination of food, equipments, utensils, and linens. 2. All employees experiencing persistent sneezing, coughing, or runny nose that causes discharges from the eyes, nose, or mouth may not work with exposed food; clean equipments, utensils and linens. 3. All employees should wash their hands before and after working to avoid contamination. 4. All employees must not use a utensil more than once to taste food that is to be sold or served. 5. Raw ready-to-eat food shall be stored separately from ready-to-eat food. 6. Food shall be obtained from sources that comply with all laws relating to food and food labeling. 7. All employees must have a proper hygiene. Plumbing Rules 1. Water service lines must be installed to a point along road frontage of a lot where city water is available. 2. A minimum of 10’ between any driveway and the service line must be maintained. 3. Clean-outs must be provided. 4. The property owner is responsible for ensuring the integrity and accessibility of the property line clean-out. 5. Must regularly check the water lines of the establishments. 6. Plumbing Inspectors and/or his designee shall make all required inspections, or shall accept reports of inspections by approved agencies or individuals. CHAPTER 3 Management and Personnel Feasibility Submitted by: 3HRM04 ———————– OWNER RESTAURANT MANAGER RESTAURANT SUPERVISOR SERVICE FOOD & BEVERAGES WAITERS EXECUTIVE CHEF DISHWASHER/ JANITOR SOUS CHEF COOK

Art Direction in Film and Television--history essays

Art Direction in Film and Televisionhistory essays Imagesthey draw us into their sinful lust, invigorate us, suck us in like zombies or candy. I, like most of us, am a media junkie, and gladly process sparkly music videos with no content and horrific movies that I later attest to dislike. Undoubtedly, many a time I have paid more attention to the beauty of the design on my entertainment rather than its verbal content, not to say that the two are separated. The topic of this writing is, therefore, my most addicting brain amphetamine as well as opiate-art direction for films and performances. Here I will explore my visual fetish. Film art and production direction is a direct descendant of stage design and the very first art director was a craftsman. In many ways, I find stage design a more compelling medium due to its direct interaction with the audience and a greater impact and a awe arising out of usage of multimedia and unusual distortion of space and reality. The special effects-educated audience is more likely surprised by the miracles arising in real space than in the so commonly manipulated world of film, unless the film itself brings with it an element of tangibility. While much even of the more contemporary stage design seems fairly traditional, there is much experimentation in the field. After the war, under the crumbling funding, the theatre designs became highly minimal and fostered experimentation in the medium. The new theatre has been called the theatre that survived the theatre. Their liberated settings combine realistic, abstract, multi-media and environmental scenic techniques. Stage design does not restrict itself only to theater and opera. Great sets have been created for musical performances, commercial installations, and art exhibitions.. Art direction for films comes as a natural offspring of stage design. At its birth, film production was a largely uncharted territory, and the first sets, so as to not to confuse either the actor or the...

American Industry essays

American Industry essays The Industrial Giant Known as America Many factors led to America having a tremendous rise in industry. The five points that made the most impact were technology, mass distribution and production, education, railroads, management ideas and structure, and immigrant labor. These five points not only improved the existing industry, but they revolutionized how the American industry would be run for the next generation. As with any change in an existing system, there were a few problems, the main problems where with workers so management just replaced them with machines. Many people werent ready to make the adjustment from small town farming to big city living but the benefits far out-weighed any unusual situations, so the people and the nation when along with it. In the 1850s and on, most Americans were wondering about the benefit of a society dominated by cities, factories, and masses of wage earners. Along with cities and factories, pollution, and unhygienic situations was rising as well. Industrializing of the nation was wanted by many people but on the other hand, many people did not want to see the nation industrialize. The United States, at this point, mostly an agricultural society, and most of the people lived on farms or in small towns, and had lots of open space to live in. These caused a slowing of the United States transforming into a industrial nation. Depression set and there was unrest in the work force. This began to change in the 1870s when the Populist Party gained a strong foothold. In 1897, the economic depression finally came to an end. In 1910, the United States firming planted itself as the worlds Probably the most important feature aiding the nations growth was technology. Two major inventions during this period were the invention of the gasoline-powered, internal combustion engine and harnessing of electric power. H ...

Causes of people purchasing fast food Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Causes of people purchasing fast food - Essay Example However, if a person eats this food regularly and has a diet mostly made up ofthis junk food, then it can cause health problems such as high cholesterol, diabetes, and obesity. According to Readers Digest magazine (2012), health studies show that â€Å"over 60 percent of Canadian adults and 31.5 percent of Canadians aged 2 to 17 are overweight or obese.†(Readers Digest, 2012), It cannot be disputed that fast food plays a key role in these shocking statistics. The main causes for people choosing to eat fast food over cooking healthy meals are availability, convenience, low prices, and advertising. Because fast food is now available in many locations around the clock, it is now a part of many Canadians’ everyday meal plans because a wide variety of fast food restaurants are available to the public throughout the day and night. In Canada, there are over 62,600 fast food service outlets, and many of them are accessible 24 hours a day (Statistics Canada, 2009). Because of th e numerous food outlets that are available, many consumers now eat whenever they feel the urge to and not necessarily when the body requires food. In addition, fast food is not only available in restaurants but also in elementary schools, secondary schools, and universities. For example, many elementary schools have weekly pizza and McDonalds days, while a vast amount of universities proudly display the number of Starbucks and Tim Hortons located on campus. This availability allows students of all ages to routinely purchase fast food instead of learning how to eat healthily. As a result of fast food being obtainable anytime and toand night, and to all age groups, it is clear that availability is one of the key reasons for consumers eating fast food. Another major cause of people choosing to eat fast food is due to the convenience that it provides. It is quick and easy to locate any fast food restaurant simply through using a computer, phone, or telephone book. There are even apps fo r electronic devices to locate the nearest fast food restaurant. For instance, if an individual is driving to work and is feeling, then a simple push of a button on a phone or GPS to locate ‘nearest food’ will result in a location being found. Also, if you are driving and have little time available, you do not even need to get out of your car. Many establishments have full menus available at drive through locations, which makes it extremely easy and quick to pick up a meal on-the-go. This convenience allows fast food to fit easily into the hectic daily schedules of people who do not have the time to prepare healthy and nutritious meals or those who do not want to go to the hassle of making a meal. Consumers are also drawn towards fast food because of the low prices available. With the tight financial economy today, saving money is important for many families, and inexpensive fast food fits many budgets. Thousands of dollars are spent daily to purchase this unhealthy yet tasty product. In fact, 40 percent of the money spent on food in Canada in 2009 went to fast food outlets. This percentage converts to $58.4 billion dollars spent on fast food in a single year (Statistics Canada, 2009). One of the reasons why so much money is spent on fast food is that it is much cheaper to eat a full meal at a fast food restaurant rather than another location with a healthier option that likely includes fresh produce. If a consumer eats at

Amazon Organization Is Involved in Online Retail Trade Research Paper

Amazon Organization Is Involved in Online Retail Trade - Research Paper Example Amazon manufactures electronics, such as the Amazon Kindle, for clients and provides cloud-computing services. Additional revenue for the company is from marketing services. This is mainly by online advertisement and co-branding of credit cards (Schneider, 46). The company operates in the United States and in other countries such as France, Germany and China. Strategy Amazon usually delivers products to the customers after transactions are complete. This usually takes a couple of days depending on diverse logistical factors that include distance and address. However, the company has introduced a new system, popularly called same day shipping. This enables clients to buy products online and then the products are delivered to them the same day. This remains its clear-cut strategy to ensure the achievement of competitive advantage. Indeed, the large range of products that it sells is one of the noble strategies that the company is integrating. Buyers can find a variety of products such as toys, electronics, and books that are in excellent form. It customizes the experience of the buyers and gives recommendations for advancement in service delivery that contributes to customer retention. Additionally, it does customer tracking to enable it to gain more customers and retain them. It also gives individuals the opportunity to sell various commodities via its platform (Rosenbloom, 174). These can be either new goods or those that have been used. The advantage that Amazon has had over its competitors is that it does not charge sales taxes. This is mainly because its clients perform online purchasing that ensures effective ordering and delivery of the items with immense convenience. The company’s prior operating strategy was to avoid establishing networks in the nations that have adopted unfriendly tax policies, and thus such states do not have Amazon distribution warehouses. However, the new strategy that it is adopting requires that it sets warehouses across the United States including those tax unfriendly states. This means that the company will give up the lead it has over competitors. However, more warehouses in many states in the US will mean that products are closer to clients thus can be delivered the same day that purchase takes place. This can benefit individuals who are last minute gift shoppers. Local commercial institutions usually push these states to collect sales tax from Amazon because lack of such revenue gives the company a price advantage over them. However, online retailers such as Amazon are exempted from paying sales tax in states in which they do not have physical existence. Currently, Amazon has warehouses in six states and thus contributes sales tax in six states. These are Washington, Kentucky, New York, Texas, Kansas and North Dakota (Rosenbloom, 174). With the new strategy, it will have to collect sales levies in more states. Presently, it is unclear how the strategy will affect the revenues. Effects on competito rs, consumers and Revenues Amazon has eluded charging sales tax from its clients.

Abortion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Abortion - Essay Example This enzyme deficiency prevents the metabolization of phenylalanine. According to medical and health ethical considerations, every child born with PKU should be placed on a special low phenylalanine diet for a period not less than five years of their life. This is thought to have happened to Martha. It was ethical to consider this when Martha was young and developing. The ideal situation Martha was placed in was to ensure that life is protected at all costs. As such, it is important for Martha to consider abortion for the sake of her life since failure to abort is likely to put the lives of both the child and her in jeopardy. The diet is a necessity in order to reduce or prevent occurrence of sever retardation. Nonetheless, the diet is actually burdensome. This is when considered that Martha is in some state of difficulty with her relationship and marriage with the father of the child. Martha has done no problem of being engaged with this situation. However, she should take caution o f Dr. R‘s emphasis and advice since she is about to care for more than one life. Martha is not exposed to limited foods. She is supposed to consider and stick to the use of the medical food, which is of bad taste and yet protects her from ill health. Considering pregnancy in such a case is another tedious thing since it has been proved that she is in a more difficult situation now that she is pregnant. Dr. R’s advice of considering abortion is deeply directed at reducing any possible thwart of life if she continuous carrying the pregnancy to birth. Yes, she is considerate of the fact that her ethics from religion does not allow her to abort. Nonetheless, avoiding aborting in such a scenario is poised at risking the lives of two people, more importantly her life with that of the fetus (DeGrazia and Jeffrey 45-56). Martha is at a point of making a crucial decision considering the fact that it is like she is fighting a fight of life and death. According to her doctor, abor tion will solve the issue of the present life, as stated by the medical ethics at hand. The fetus is yet to be given an opportunity to grow and live, though this will be negatively affecting on the possibilities of living in Martha’s point of contention. Thus, if Martha is poised to consider abortion, she will have managed to successfully limit any occurrence of life-neglect since it is well foreseeable that she is likely to risk and kill her life together with that of the child. Her continued carriage of the fetus is like an approach of difficulty pertaining life and death, something that should not be given a chance in any medical ground poised with medical and health ethics. Furthermore, Martha is up to the fact that she has been inconstant in her diet. She has failed in remunerating the proceeds of her health discipline. As such, she should consider abortion owing to the fact that if she continues to carry the fetus; she will be up for a tedious end. If Martha J is resolv ed to carry her fetus to term, Dr R will be in a huge responsibility of trying to balance between the lives of two people, who survive the ordeal of living a short and exposed life. It is the responsibility of Dr R to oversee and ensure that Martha has fully adhered to the precepts of t the diet at hand. If he fails to do so then he will be acting contrary to the ordeals of medical ethics, which requires him to do so. First, Dr R is endowed with the responsibility of ensuring that Martha has stepped up to the challenge of her ruthless medication as she had experienced during childhood. At the moment, it is not a big deal for her to metabolize phenylalanine. Nonetheless, now that she is expected to carry her pregnancy to term, she should maintain the same low-level phenylalanine diet through out the course of

Meditations Essay Example for Free

Meditations Essay Rene Descartes’ Meditations paved way to the enquiry of the epistemological nature of knowledge – a paradigm shift from an ontological priority to an epistemological priority of philosophizing. In this regard, Descartes believed that the fundamental source of knowledge is reason. As such, knowing material objects can only come upon an entity which is not external to us – that is the mind. The certainty of our understanding then rests on the clarity and distinctness of ideas constituting formal reality and not upon the immediate perception of an object. With this, he attempted to prove the existence of the Cogito, of God and dualism of the mind and the body, the methodic doubt as his primary grounding to prove the truthfulness of his claims. Let us now then analyze the seemingly problematic suppositions Descartes posits. One is dualism of the mind and body. It is because it is hard to conceive how two different things interact with each other. One indicator of such is when the mind chooses to do a specific action and the body seems to willingly do the action the mind chose. Another is when we perceive objects in the external world, our mind grasp and process the forming of these images based on our sense perception. Nevertheless, the primary question one can posit on the whole philosophy of Descartes is the appropriateness of granting existence to the conceptual entities in the mind. Existence, for Descartes, is proven through the recognition of the mind based on intuitions which manifest clarity and distinctness (or inner awareness where the mind and body are inseparable yet different from each other). By clarity, he claimed that it is the presence of an idea/object, and by distinctness, it is the relationship of clear ideas/objects and how its relationship distinguishes what belongs to an idea/object. Furthermore, he also claimed that substances are the building blocks of reality, categorized into two: the mind and the body. As such, he further maintained that these substances have primary attributes: the mind which is thought and the body, the extension. Ideas, for Descartes, are the modes of thought that link the mind and the world because they have formal and objective reality. By the former, he meant the kind of reality things have in this world and by the latter, the reality of objects represented by ideas. Hence, an idea can have formal reality because it is the mode of thought itself and it can also have an objective reality because it represents something outside of itself. In his work, one can deduce that he is certain only in his existence. As such, making him a thinking substance. He asserted that he comes to know this fact through clear and distinct perception, and logically it would follow that all his other clear and distinct perceptions are true in reference to formal and objective reality. In order to confirm the truthfulness of these clear and distinct perceptions, he proved the existence of a benign God which relies on the Mediator’s cognition of clear and distinct ideas. Even if we exempt the possibility of granting existence to fictitious entities for we may have clear and distinct perception of them, the possibility of granting existence to other conceptual entities in our mind is still questionable. First, I believe that we can only have clear and distinct perception of the conceptual entities through our senses – that is they exist in the physical realm. By that, I mean that we can have conception and understanding (on the context on how can we know them) primarily because they have manifestations in the physical world as also with regards to certain logical principles. For example, my understanding or even my idea of a tree originates from my perception of that tree in reality. Second, even if I can have clear and distinct perception of a God, it does not mean that a god/God indeed exist which cause my idea of God as what Descartes claimed. Arguably, there may be some other entity or there may be the possibility this world is just made up of matter and energy. Hence, there is no higher being which exists. It can be deduced then the appropriateness of granting existence to conceptual entities in the mind only comes if we could know their truth in the physical realm. As such, Descartes claimed of the mind being non-erroneous in granting existence to things/objects in this world is held in question.